https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/medications-for-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5259.mp4 Medications for Epilepsy   Medications for Epilepsy Common Drugs Diazepam/Lorazepam Carbamazepine Sodium Valproate Clonazepam Lamotrigine Gabapentin Phenobarbital Phenytoin Uses for Epilepsy and Other Conditions Status Epilepticus Serial Seizures Febrile Convulsions Reduces Anxiety Sedation for medical procedures Muscle Relaxant Hypnotic drug (for sleep disorders) Pre-operative sedation Medications for Epilepsy Common Drugs and Brand Names Diazepam/Lorazepam: Dialar, Diazemuls, Diazepam Rectubes, Rimapam, Stesolid, Tensium, Valclair (L), Ativan Carbamazepine: Carbagen SR, Epimaz, Tegretol, Tegretol Retard Sodium Valproate: Convulex (valproic acid), Epilim, Epilim Chrono, Depakote, Orlept Clonazepam: Rivotril Gabapentin (for partial seizures): Neurontin Lamotrigine: Lamictal Phenobarbital: None Phenytoin/Fosphenytoin: (P) Epanutin, (F) Pro-Epanutin Common Drug Side Effects Common Side Effects: Most need monitoring. In severe circumstances, discuss with a doctor and in some instances, stop taking the medication. Rare Side Effects: Always discuss with a doctor. In some cases, stop taking the medication immediately and call a doctor if the situation is extreme. Organisation policy and procedure must be followed for dealing with medication side effects, monitoring, and actions to take. What is Buccal Midazolam? Midazolam is an effective short-acting benzodiazepine administered into the buccal cavity. It is used to treat prolonged seizures and to prevent progression to status epilepticus. It is an alternative to rectal administration of Diazepam. It is unlicensed for aborting seizures but is supported by NICE (2004). Does not require special storage - Do not refrigerate or freeze. Buccolam has a shelf life of 18 months (ensure to check the expiry date). Buccolam is administered into the buccal cavity. Buccolam is prescribed off-license for those over 18. Administration Why Use It? To prevent further harm to the person. Route of administration can be via the buccal or nasal cavity. Dosage: No more than 20mg in a 24-hour period. Side Effects Common Side Effects Sedation Drowsiness Light-headedness Decreased alertness Unsteadiness Less Common Side Effects Low blood pressure Slow heart rate Skin reactions Visual disturbances Headache Confusion Breathing difficulties Central Nervous System (CNS) toxicity risk if the patient takes antidepressants, antipsychotics, or lithium After administering these drugs, monitor the person closely as they often cause sedation, drowsiness, dizziness, and headache. There is a possibility of respiratory depression, though this is less likely with Midazolam than with Diazepam. Your workplace should have a drug book (often a British National Formulary, BNF) where all side effects will be listed: you need to be aware of these. General Information Most people requiring rescue medication are prescribed Midazolam (Epistatus). GPs and specialists are willing to prescribe it. Carers and relatives need instruction in its use. For paid care staff, recognised training and a signed protocol are essential. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9380/Medications_for_Epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 183 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/common-drug-side-effects https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5260.mp4 Common drug side effects Understanding Common Drug Side Effects in Epilepsy Treatment Introduction In this section, we will explore the common side effects of drugs used to treat epilepsy. Understanding these side effects and knowing when to seek medical advice is crucial for effective management. Common Side Effects Many epilepsy medications come with side effects that need monitoring. In severe cases, it is important to discuss these with a doctor or pharmacist. Some side effects may require immediate discontinuation of the medication. Rare and Severe Side Effects For rare and severe side effects, it is essential to consult a doctor. In extreme cases, you may need to stop taking the medication immediately and contact emergency services. Organisational Policies and Procedures Always adhere to organisational policies and procedures when dealing with medication side effects. These guidelines will help ensure proper monitoring and appropriate actions are taken. Documentation and Record-Keeping Ensure that all potential problems arising from medication side effects are documented and recorded. This practice is vital for ongoing patient care and monitoring. Conclusion Understanding and managing the side effects of epilepsy medications is essential for patient safety. Always follow organisational policies, consult with healthcare professionals when needed, and maintain accurate records of any side effects experienced. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9382/Common_drug_side_effects-01.jpg Yes 70 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/course-introduction-buccal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5026.mp4 Course introduction Welcome to the Epilepsy and Buccal Midazolam Online Course This course from ProTrainings is designed to provide you with a thorough understanding of epilepsy and the use of Buccal Midazolam to treat seizures. It is ideal for beginners and as a refresher course, but it does not certify you as competent unless you also complete a practical session and are signed off in the workplace by a competent person. Course Structure Throughout this course, you will watch a series of videos, answer knowledge review questions, and finally take a short completion test. You can start and stop the course as often as you wish and return to it exactly where you left off. You can also re-watch any of the videos at any time, both during and after the course. Accessibility The course can be viewed on any device, so you can start watching it on your computer and finish it on your smartphone or tablet. Each page includes text to support the video content, and additional help is available if you initially answer any questions incorrectly. The course includes subtitles, which you can enable by clicking the CC icon. You can adjust the size and colour of the subtitles from the bottom right of the player. An additional smaller video player option allows you to read the text and watch the video simultaneously. Completion and Certification Once you have passed the test, your completion certificate and other downloadable materials will be available for you to print off. There are many resources and links to support your training, accessible from the course homepage. We regularly update our courses, so check back frequently for new material. You will have access to the course for 8 months from the start date, even after you have passed the test. Support and Company Solutions We offer free company dashboards for those responsible for staff training in the workplace. If you would like more information on our company solutions, please contact us by email, phone, or through our online chat facility. While this is an online course, we provide complete support throughout your training. Ongoing Updates With all our online courses, you will receive an email every Monday morning to keep your skills fresh and inform you of any new videos added to the course. These emails also include news from our blog. You can choose to receive these emails or opt out at any time. We hope you enjoy your course and thank you for choosing ProTrainings. Good luck! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8965/Course_Introduction-01.jpg Yes 150 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/what-is-buccal-midazolam https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5261.mp4 What is Buccal Midazolam Administration and Uses of Buccal Midazolam Introduction to Buccal Midazolam Buccal midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine used to treat prolonged seizures and prevent progression to status epilepticus. It is an effective alternative to rectal diazepam. Understanding Buccal Midazolam Buccal midazolam is administered in the buccal cavity (inside the gum). This medication, despite being unlicensed for seizure cessation, is supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines from 2004. Licensed vs. Unlicensed Medication Licensed medication is manufactured for specific uses, while unlicensed medication is prescribed for off-label uses. In such cases, the prescribing doctor assumes responsibility for its use. Special Requirements for Buccal Midazolam Buccal midazolam does not require special storage but should be kept out of direct sunlight. Typically, it has a shelf life of 18 months, so always check the expiry date before use. Administration of Buccal Midazolam To administer buccal midazolam: Ensure the medication is within its expiry date. Check the patient's name and prescribed dose. Confirm the seal is intact. Lift the cheek away from the gum and insert the syringe into the buccal cavity. Gently squeeze the medication into the mucous membrane. Document the administration, including the time and dosage, in the drug book. Alternative Administration Methods Buccal midazolam can also be administered through the nasal cavity if prescribed for emergencies, such as hypersalivation or facial injuries that prevent buccal administration. Dosage and Side Effects The typical dosage for buccal midazolam should not exceed 20 milligrams in 24 hours. Common side effects include: Sedation Drowsiness Light-headedness Decreased alertness Unsteadiness Less common side effects include: Low blood pressure Slow heart rate Skin reactions Visual disturbances Headache Confusion Breathing difficulties Central Nervous System Toxicity Central Nervous System (CNS) toxicity is a risk, particularly for patients on antidepressants, antipsychotics, or lithium. Monitoring for side effects is crucial, especially after the initial administration. Potential for Respiratory Depression Excessive buccal midazolam can cause respiratory depression, although it is less likely compared to diazepam. Always refer to your workplace's drug book or the British National Formulary (BNF) for detailed information. Training and Guidelines Carers and relatives must receive proper training and follow prescribed protocols when administering buccal midazolam. General Practitioners (GPs) and specialists are willing to prescribe it, recognising its effectiveness despite its unlicensed status. Conclusion Buccal midazolam is a critical medication for managing seizures. Proper administration, adherence to guidelines, and awareness of side effects ensure its effective and safe use. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9396/What_is_Buccal_Midazolam-01.jpg Yes 414 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/convulsive-status-epilepticus https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5257.mp4 Convulsive status Epilepticus Status Epilepticus Convulsive Status Epilepticus Definition: Convulsive status epilepticus is a condition where continuous tonic-clonic seizures repeat, lasting for over 30 minutes without interruption, posing a life-threatening situation requiring immediate medical attention. Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus Overview: Non-convulsive status epilepticus, common in individuals with learning disabilities, can develop from complex partial seizures. Diagnosing this condition can be challenging as consciousness is impaired rather than lost completely. Impact: Non-convulsive status epilepticus can persist for a prolonged period, adversely affecting health, particularly in vulnerable individuals, and potentially causing serious complications. Signs and Symptoms Aura: Some individuals may experience visual or auditory warnings before a seizure, known as an aura. Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Most recognised as the tonic-clonic seizure, characterized by stiffening, falling, and convulsions. Absence Seizure: Presents as a person appearing to daydream or stare blankly. Physical Indicators: Clenched jaw, rigid body, loss of bladder control, and jerking movements. Respiratory Concerns: Bluish skin colour indicates potential breathing difficulties, requiring immediate emergency support. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9368/Convulsive_status_Epilepticus-01.jpg Yes 150 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/different-types-of-seizures-that-occur https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5255.mp4 Different types of seizures that occur Types of Seizures and Their Classifications Focal Seizures Focal onset awareness seizures: These replace simple partial seizures. They can be brief, lasting seconds to a couple of minutes, and may involve unusual automatisms. Respond by guiding the individual to safety, speaking calmly, and reassuring them. Focal onset impaired awareness seizures: Formerly known as complex partial seizures, these may have an aura or warning. They spread to several parts of the brain, affecting mood, behaviour, and consciousness. Automatisms like lip smacking and wandering may occur. Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures: Replacing partial with secondary generalized seizures, these start in one area of the brain and spread to both sides. The person may lose consciousness and not recover between seizures. Generalized Seizures Tonic-clonic seizures: Involving both sides of the brain from the onset, these seizures cause loss of consciousness, muscle stiffening (tonic phase), and jerking (clonic phase). They can last one to two minutes or longer and may require medical attention if prolonged. Absence seizures: Also known as petit mal seizures, these involve brief loss of consciousness without convulsions. They often last less than 20 seconds and may go unnoticed. Myoclonic seizures: Characterized by brief, jerking movements of the limbs or body, often occurring in clusters. They may be mistaken for clumsiness or muscle spasms. Atonic seizures: Also called drop attacks, these cause sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to falls or collapses. Management and Treatment Response to seizures should follow a tailored management or care plan, ensuring the individual's safety and comfort. Treatment options include medication, dietary therapy like the ketogenic diet, surgery, and devices such as vagal nerve stimulators. Observations and Care During and after seizures, observe the individual for changes in condition, breathing, and responsiveness. Ensure their safety, provide comfort, and stay with them until they fully recover. Seek medical attention if seizures are prolonged or if status epilepticus occurs. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9374/Different_types_of_seizures_that_occur-01.jpg Yes 636 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/vagus-nerve-stimulation https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5262.mp4 Vagus Nerve Stimulation Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Therapy for Epilepsy What is the Vagus Nerve? The vagus nerve consists of a pair of nerves that start at the brain and run through the entire body. These nerves send and receive messages between the body and the brain, playing a crucial role in bodily functions. Understanding Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) Therapy VNS therapy is a treatment for epilepsy involving a stimulator or pulse generator connected to the left vagus nerve in the neck. This device sends regular mild electronic stimulations to the nerve, similar to a pulse. How VNS Therapy Works The stimulator sends continuous mild electronic pulses to the vagus nerve. Additionally, individuals can use a magnet to induce stimulation by waving it over the device, especially useful during a seizure. Device Longevity and Maintenance Generally, the vagus nerve stimulator lasts around 15 years before the battery needs changing. This device is particularly beneficial for individuals with a low seizure threshold who experience multiple seizures daily. Benefits of VNS Therapy VNS therapy is recommended for those with a high number of daily seizures as an alternative or supplement to medication. It aims to reduce the frequency of seizures and improve the quality of life for those affected by epilepsy. Conclusion Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) therapy offers a promising treatment option for individuals with frequent seizures. By understanding its mechanism and benefits, patients and healthcare providers can make informed decisions about incorporating VNS therapy into epilepsy management. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9386/Vagus_Nerve_Stimulation-01.jpg Yes 105 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/storage-and-disposal-buccal https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5265.mp4 Storage and disposal Safe Storage, Disposal, and Legal Responsibilities for Midazolam Safe Storage of Medicines Store medicines in accordance with your local policy for safe storage. Keep in a cool cupboard at room temperature, away from bright light and direct sunlight, and out of reach of children. Do not store in a fridge. Bottles of Midazolam should be stored upright. Disposal ‘Out of date’ medication should not be used and must be returned to the pharmacy promptly, or returned to the parents. Dispose of used items according to your local policy for waste management and disposal. Duty of Care and Legal Responsibilities Medication must be prescribed on a named basis by a medical practitioner. Individuals should have their own care plan for administration. Employers should ensure staff are willing to be trained and provide training in how to administer medication, often including medication management. Consent and approval for administration must be obtained via parental or guardianship requirements. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9390/Storage_and_disposal-01.jpg Yes 204 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/the-brain-and-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5254.mp4 The brain and epilepsy Brain Regions Affected by Epilepsy Frontal Lobe The frontal lobe, positioned at the front of the brain, governs reasoning, motor skills, high-level cognition, and expressive language. It contains the motor cortex, responsible for transmitting information for body movements. Parietal Lobe The parietal lobe, situated in the middle section of the brain, processes tactile and sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain. It houses the somatosensory cortex, crucial for processing the body's senses. Temporal Lobe The temporal lobe, located underneath the parietal and frontal lobes, is pivotal for interpreting sounds and language. It contains the auditory cortex and the hippocampus, associated with memory formation. Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form, affecting approximately 60% of epilepsy patients. Occipital Lobe The occipital lobe, positioned at the back of the brain, interprets visual stimuli and information. It houses the primary visual cortex, which processes information from the eyes' retinas. Other Important Brain Regions Sensory Cortex: Located in the front portion of the parietal lobe, it receives information about body position and movement relayed from the spinal cord. Motor Cortex: Located in the top middle portion of the brain, it helps monitor and control body movement. Wernicke's Area: Situated in the temporal lobe, around the auditory cortex, it aids in formulating and understanding speech. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9372/The_brain_and_epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 184 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/course-summary- https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4803.mp4 Course Summary Completing Your Course and Taking the Test with ProTrainings Congratulations on completing your course! Before taking the test, review the student resources section and refresh your skills. Student Resources Section Free student manual: Download your manual and other resources. Additional links: Find helpful websites to support your training. Eight-month access: Revisit the course and view any new videos added. Preparing for the Course Test Before starting the test, you can: Review the videos Read through documents and links in the student resources section Course Test Guidelines No time limit: Take the test at your own pace, but complete it in one sitting. Question format: Choose from four answers or true/false questions. Adaptive testing: Unique questions for each student, with required section passes. Retake option: Review materials and retake the test if needed. After Passing the Test Once you pass the test, you can: Print your completion certificate Print your Certified CPD statement Print the evidence-based learning statement Additional ProTrainings Courses ProTrainings offers: Over 350 courses at regional training centres or your workplace Remote virtual courses with live instructors Over 300 video online and blended courses Contact us at 01206 805359 or email support@protrainings.uk for assistance or group training solutions. Thank you for choosing ProTrainings and good luck with your test! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8553/Course_Summary-01.jpg Yes 127 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/initial-assessment-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/102.mp4 Initial Assessment and Recovery Position Managing an Unconscious Casualty: A First Aider’s Guide When you are called to help someone who is unconscious, your actions need to be calm, structured, and deliberate. As a first aider, your priorities are to call for help, keep yourself safe, assess the casualty, and protect their airway. Stop, Think, and Act Before approaching, pause and assess the scene. Look for hazards that could put you or the casualty at risk Remove dangers if it is safe to do so Be alert for traffic, electricity, violence, or environmental risks If possible, make sure someone is with you so they can call the emergency services if required. Initial Contact and Response Check Approach the casualty and introduce yourself: “Hello, my name’s Keith. I’m a first aider.” Gently tap the casualty on the collarbone and ask permission to help. If they are conscious, talk to them, find out what has happened, and encourage them to remain still while you assess the situation. If they are unconscious, you must immediately check whether they are breathing. Checking for Breathing To check breathing, you must first open the airway. Place one hand on the forehead and the other under the chin Gently tilt the head back and lift the chin to move the tongue away from the back of the throat Briefly look inside the mouth for any obvious obstruction and remove it only if it can be seen and easily removed With the airway open, look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds: Look for the chest rising and falling Listen for breathing sounds Feel for air on your cheek If the casualty is not breathing normally, you must start CPR immediately. If the Casualty Is Breathing Normally If the casualty is breathing, CPR is not required. However, you must still send someone to call an ambulance. Make sure they return and tell you when help is on the way. Your next priority is to maintain an open airway and prevent choking. Placing the Casualty in the Recovery Position The recovery position helps keep the airway open and allows fluids, such as vomit, to drain safely from the mouth. If gloves are available, put them on and carry out a quick head-to-toe check before moving the casualty: Check the head, shoulders, arms, and chest for deformity, bleeding, or fluid Check the hips and legs are in a normal position If no injuries are found, place the casualty into the recovery position: How to Put Someone into the Recovery Position Kneel beside the casualty Straighten both legs and bring the feet together Place the arm nearest to you out at a right angle to the body Take the far arm and bring it across the chest, holding the hand against the cheek nearest to you With your other hand, bend the far knee so the foot is flat on the floor Using the knee as a lever, gently roll the casualty towards you onto their side Once they are on their side: Check the airway is open Tilt the head slightly back if needed to maintain breathing Adjust the legs to help support the position Ongoing Care From this point, your role is to: Keep the casualty comfortable and warm Speak to them reassuringly, even if they remain unconscious Monitor breathing continuously If you are completely alone and have no phone, you may need to leave the casualty briefly to call emergency services. If you do: Check they are breathing before you leave Check again immediately when you return Important Guidance on Injuries and the Recovery Position Current guidance from the UK Resuscitation Council and the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) states: The recovery position is ideal for an unconscious casualty who is not injured If the casualty is injured, it is usually best to leave them on their back to avoid worsening injuries If the airway is compromised, or there is fluid in the mouth, the casualty may need to be placed in the recovery position despite injury If you must leave an injured casualty to get help, place them in the recovery position to protect their airway Key Points to Remember Stop, think, and ensure the scene is safe Check response and breathing early Start CPR if they are not breathing normally Use the recovery position to protect the airway when breathing is present Monitor continuously until emergency help arrives Calm, structured actions save lives. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/157/Initial_Assessment___Recovery_Position.jpg Yes 231 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/epistatus-boxes-and-bottles https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5269.mp4 Epistatus boxes and bottles Administering Epistatus for Adults Introduction to Epistatus Epistatus is a medication commonly prescribed for adults. It contains midazolam, the same active ingredient found in buccal midazolam for children, but it is produced by a different manufacturer. The standard dosage is 10 milligrams in a 1 millilitre solution. Forms of Epistatus Pre-Filled Syringes Epistatus is available in boxes containing four pre-filled syringes. Each syringe provides a single 10 milligram dose in a 1 millilitre solution. Here are the key steps for using pre-filled syringes: Check the expiry date on the box and syringe. Inspect the syringe for any crystallisation through the foil seal. If the box has been partially used, mark it as "used" to avoid confusion. The box and syringe should clearly state "Epistatus pre-filled syringe 1x1ml 10mg dose". Epistatus in Bottles Epistatus also comes in bottles containing 40 milligrams of medication, intended for multiple doses. Each bottle is provided with four syringes for administration. Follow these steps to use the bottled form: Check the expiry date on the bottle and box. Inspect the bottle for any crystallisation. Push down on the cap to remove it as instructed. Insert an empty syringe into the bottle and draw the required amount of liquid. Prepare the syringe for administration. Alternative Packaging Another form of Epistatus comes in a different packaging but still contains pre-filled syringes. The process for using this form is similar: Check the expiry date and other information on the box. Inspect the syringe for any crystallisation. Ensure the syringe is ready for administration. Administration Process Regardless of the packaging, the administration process remains consistent. Follow these key steps: Verify the medication is in date and free of crystallisation. Administer the medication as directed in the individual’s care plan. Dispose of any used items according to local policies and procedures. Conclusion Epistatus is an effective medication for managing seizures in adults. Proper administration, adherence to care plans, and safe disposal practices are essential for ensuring the medication’s effectiveness and patient safety. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9398/Epistatus_boxes_and_bottles-01.jpg Yes 201 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/generalised-onset-seizures https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5256.mp4 Generalised onset seizures Generalized Onset Seizures Tonic Seizures Tonic Seizure: Characterized by sudden stiffness, leading to a fall with little or no protection. Individuals may sustain facial injuries, prompting the use of helmets for protection. Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Limbs convulse without initial stiffness, often resulting in falls and head injuries. Recovery may be prolonged. Atonic Seizures Atonic Seizure: Involves sudden loss of muscle tone, causing the person to go limp and fall heavily. Recovery can be rapid, but head and facial injuries are common. Myoclonic Seizures Myoclonic Seizure: Brief, forceful jerking motions, which can affect one or both sides of the body. These can occur in series, lasting for several hours. Absence Seizures Absence Seizure: Brief loss of consciousness, typically with no other symptoms. Individuals may exhibit changes in muscle tone and posture, with each seizure lasting a few seconds. Atypical Absence Seizures Atypical Absence Seizure: Similar to absence seizures but may involve more pronounced jerking or automatic movements. These can last for several seconds and may occur over a prolonged period. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: Children with this syndrome may experience atypical absence seizures. Medication prescribed by a doctor or neurologist can help manage these seizures. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9370/Generalised_onset_seizures-01.jpg Yes 260 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/difficulties-in-administration https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5264.mp4 Difficulties in administration Medication Administration Challenges and Overdose Prevention Difficulties in Administration If the prescribed drug cannot be given via the advised route, it must not be administered in any other way. Nasal administration may be used as a last resort if stated in the care plan. The person will still need medical intervention, so it is essential to call ‘999’ or ‘112’ for emergency services and request an ambulance. Consider the types of difficulties you may encounter during administration. Consequences of Too Much Medication If staff are appropriately trained in medication administration, follow the person’s care plan, and are aware of when the person last had the medication, the potential for overdose should be minimal. If an overdose is suspected, immediate medical attention is required. You must call ‘999’ for emergency assistance. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9388/Difficulties_in_administration-01.jpg Yes 113 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/automatisms https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5258.mp4 Automatisms Understanding Automatisms in Seizures Definition Automatisms are non-purposeful, stereotypical, and repetitive behaviours often observed alongside complex partial seizures. Characteristics In automatisms, individuals exhibit movements unrelated to their current situation, which may appear unusual and different from their normal behaviour. The behaviour displayed during automatisms is inappropriate for the context, and the person experiencing them typically has no recollection of these actions. Types of Verbal Automatisms Simple Vocalization: Uttering single words. Moaning: Emitting low sounds of discomfort. Stereotype Speech: Repeating words or phrases, sometimes complex and incomprehensible. Common Manifestations Temporal lobe partial seizures often present with: Oral Movements: Such as lip smacking or chewing motions. Gulping or Swallowing: Involuntary actions of swallowing. Manual Movements: Including grabbing, picking, fumbling, or patting. Elaborate Automatisms In some cases, automatisms may escalate to more complex movements: Cycling Leg Movements: Repetitive cycling motions of the legs. Swimming Arm Movements: Mimicking swimming strokes such as backstroke or front stroke. Alternating Limb Movements: Moving one arm or leg up and down alternately. Head Rolling: Rolling the head from side to side. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9366/Automatisms-01.jpg Yes 155 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/demonstration-of-the-administration-process https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5267.mp4 Demonstration of the administration process Supporting Medication Administration via Buccal Route Introduction We have discussed various types of medication and their administration routes. Now, we will go through the process of supporting someone to take medication or have it administered via the buccal route. Locating the Buccal Pocket The buccal pocket is located inside the cheeks. It is an indentation you can feel with your fingers. Here is how to locate it: Identify the person's mandible (jawline). Move about an inch up from the mandible to the gum line. Gently slide your index fingers towards the cheek and chin to find the buccal pockets. Use your thumb on one side and your middle finger on the opposite side to secure both buccal pockets. Administering the Medication Administering medication during a seizure can be challenging as the person may be moving. Follow these steps: Ensure the syringe is pre-filled and the medication is in date with no crystals in the liquid. Place half of the medication in each buccal pocket. If the person is lying on one side, administer half the dose on the accessible side, then the other half on the opposite side. Insert the syringe at a 45-degree angle, move your thumb out of the way, and inject half of the medication. Rub the area gently to help the medication disseminate into the cheek. Repeat the process on the opposite side using your middle finger as a guide. Disposal of Used Items After administering the medication, follow these steps for safe disposal: Put on gloves to handle the remnants of the medication. Place the used syringe in one glove, then remove the glove over the syringe. Place this glove in the other hand, remove the second glove over it, effectively double-bagging the syringe. Return the used items to the appropriate location, such as to the parents, home, or proper disposal facility. Conclusion Administering medication via the buccal route requires precision and care, especially during a seizure. Proper identification of the buccal pocket, careful administration, and safe disposal are essential steps in this process. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9394/Demonstration_of_the_administration_process-01.jpg Yes 198 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/route-of-delivery https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5263.mp4 Route of delivery Routes and Considerations for Administering Rectal Diazepam and Buccal Midazolam Routes for Delivery Rectal Diazepam: Administered into the rectal mucosa through the anal opening. Buccal Midazolam: Administered into the space between a person's gum and cheek. Issues to Consider Rectal Diazepam has been commonly used as an emergency treatment since 1917. Maintaining the person’s privacy and dignity during administration is crucial. Consider safety and manual handling issues. One version of Buccal Midazolam is licensed for children; others are available for all ages but are currently unlicensed. The licensing situation for Buccal Midazolam may change in the future. Legal Considerations Midazolam Maleate is an unlicensed medication under the UK Medicines Act and EU Pharmaceutical Directive. Buccal Midazolam is a controlled medication and is prescription only. Versions of Buccal Midazolam Midazolam is the generic name of the active ingredient. Brand names identify different versions. The strength of the active ingredient may vary between versions. It is recommended to stick to the same version for consistency. When to Administer Buccal Midazolam Administer as advised in the individual’s care plan, prescribed by the GP and regularly reviewed. When one tonic-clonic seizure immediately follows another with no recovery in between. If a seizure lasts 5 minutes. If seizures are known to always last longer than 5 minutes, the prescribing practitioner may advise immediate administration. Three tonic-clonic seizures within one hour. When a tonic-clonic seizure lasts 2 minutes longer than usual for the individual. Benefits of Use The priority is to stop prolonged seizure activity. The longer a seizure continues, the more difficult it is to control and potentially more damaging. Administration of these medications is relatively simple and minimally disruptive, reducing the need for hospital visits. Onset of Action These drugs typically start working within 5 to 10 minutes (or as stated in the care plan). The seizure may not be completely stopped but should begin to be controlled. Care Plan Advice Each individual should have detailed advice in their care plan regarding actions to be taken if the initial dose does not control the seizure, including when and what further actions should be taken. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9384/Route_of_delivery-01.jpg Yes 253 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/buccal-midazolam-kits https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4158.mp4 Buccal Midazolam kits Buccal Midazolam: Effective Seizure Management Understanding Buccal Midazolam Delivery Exploring Different Forms, Dosages, and Administration Techniques Pre-filled Syringes Colour-Coded Syringes: Syringes are colour-coded for easy identification (e.g., orange, purple, blue, yellow) based on patient age (e.g., less than 18 years, less than 10 years, less than five years, less than one year). Prescription-Based Dosage: Dosages are patient-specific and should not be calculated unless a healthcare professional is assigned to that role. Verify Critical Details: Confirm patient identity, dosage, and expiry date on the syringe label to ensure accuracy and safety. Seal Integrity: Ensure that the seal on the syringe is intact; never use medication with a broken seal. Administration: Administer the drug into the buccal mucosa (between the outer gum and cheek) without a needle. Effective Absorption: Encourage gentle rubbing to aid drug absorption through the mucous membrane. Documentation: Record the administration time and dosage in the patient's drug record. Liquid Form For Set Dosages: Suitable when patients require a specific midazolam dose. Safe Bottle Design: Bottles feature a safety lid to prevent tampering. Pipette Compatibility: Bottles have a built-in bung for secure pipette placement. Dosage Preparation: Shake the bottle to ensure proper mixing, then draw the required dose into a syringe with marked dilutions. Administration: Administer the drug into the buccal mucosa as described earlier, without a needle. Always prioritise patient safety, confirming critical details and adhering to proper administration techniques. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7447/Buccal_Midazolam_kits-01.jpg Yes 348 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/child-cpr-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/168.mp4 Child CPR Child Cardiac Arrest: CPR and AED Guidance (Ages 1–12) Cardiac arrest in children is uncommon. When it does occur, it is usually caused by another medical emergency, most often a breathing problem, trauma, or an underlying illness, rather than a primary heart condition. Your first priority is to assess the situation quickly and understand what may have happened. Ensure the Scene Is Safe Before approaching the child, always check that it is safe to do so. Look for any dangers that could harm you or the child. If a parent, teacher, or guardian is nearby, ask for permission before intervening: “Can I help your child?” Check for Responsiveness If the child appears unresponsive, speak to them directly. Even if they cannot reply, they may still be able to hear you. Speak calmly and clearly: “Hello, my name’s Keith, I’m a first aider. Can you hear me?” If you know the child’s name, use it, as this can sometimes prompt a response. If there is no response: Gently tap the child’s shoulder or collarbone Ask again, “Are you OK? Can you hear me?” Call for Help If the child remains unresponsive, shout for help immediately. If someone is with you, ask them to call 999 on speakerphone, leave the phone with you, and bring an AED if one is available. The emergency call handler will give step-by-step instructions and guide you through CPR if needed. If you are alone, call 999 on speakerphone yourself and continue your assessment. Check for Normal Breathing Open the airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift technique Briefly look inside the mouth for any obvious obstruction and remove it if visible Place one hand on the forehead and two fingers on the bony part of the chin, gently tilting the head back Open the mouth slightly and check again for any visible obstruction Look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds You are looking for chest rise and fall, listening for breath sounds, and feeling for air movement on your cheek. If the child is not breathing normally or is only gasping (agonal breathing), treat this as cardiac arrest. When to Start CPR If you are alone, start CPR immediately and continue for one minute before going to get help. If someone else is present, they should call 999 straight away while you start CPR. In children, cardiac arrest is often caused by a lack of oxygen, so early CPR can help restore breathing and circulation. Five Initial Rescue Breaths Begin CPR with five rescue breaths: Open the airway Pinch the nose closed Seal your mouth over the child’s mouth Breathe steadily for up to one second, just enough to see the chest rise Allow the chest to fall before giving the next breath Repeat until five effective breaths have been delivered. Chest Compressions Place the heel of one hand in the centre of the chest, on the lower half of the sternum, between the nipples Keep your arms straight and shoulders directly above your hand Compress the chest to one-third of its depth (approximately 4–5 cm in a small child) Compress at a rate of 100–120 per minute Allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions If the child is larger or you cannot achieve enough depth, use two hands, one on top of the other. After the initial five breaths, continue CPR using a ratio of 15 compressions to 2 rescue breaths, keeping interruptions to a minimum. If two rescuers are present, swap roles every two minutes to prevent fatigue and maintain effective compressions. Using an AED on a Child As soon as an AED becomes available: Switch it on immediately and follow the voice prompts Use paediatric pads if available Place one pad on the chest and one on the back between the shoulder blades For children under 25 kg (around 8 years old), position the front pad slightly to the left side of the chest If only adult pads are available, use them, ensuring they do not touch The AED will analyse the heart rhythm and advise whether a shock is needed. When instructed, ensure everyone is standing clear Make sure no one is touching the child Deliver the shock if advised Immediately resume CPR after the shock, continuing with 15 compressions and 2 breaths until the AED re-analyses or help arrives. Continue CPR Until The child starts breathing normally or shows signs of life, such as movement or eye opening Emergency services arrive and take over You are physically unable to continue Key Points to Remember Always check for safety first Call 999 early — if alone, after one minute of CPR Give five initial rescue breaths before compressions Continue 15 compressions to 2 breaths at 100–120 per minute Use an AED as soon as it is available Swap rescuers every two minutes where possible to maintain CPR quality Early CPR and early defibrillation save lives. Acting quickly and confidently gives a child the best possible chance of survival. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/289/Child_CPR_2025.jpg Yes 296 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/new-classifications- https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5252.mp4 New classifications  Classification of Seizures Introduction In March 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) introduced a new method to categorize seizures, providing doctors with a more accurate means to describe and treat them effectively. Types of Seizures Seizures are categorized based on: Onset: Where they originate in the brain Awareness: Whether or not a person's awareness is affected Additional Symptoms: Whether other symptoms, such as movement, are involved Focal Onset Focal seizures, previously known as partial seizures, originate in a specific area or network on one side of the brain. They may: Start on the brain's surface or deeper areas Remain localized or spread to larger areas Involve more than one network Generalised Onset Generalized seizures affect both sides of the brain or large networks of cells on both sides from the start. They may: Impact surface or deeper brain areas Not necessarily involve the entire brain, but affect parts of both sides Unknown Onset If the beginning of a seizure is unclear, it may be categorized as of unknown onset. As more information becomes available, the type may be reclassified. Understanding Seizures and Epilepsy The brain's millions of nerve cells control various functions by transmitting electrical signals. Disruption or excessive signaling can trigger a seizure. Causes of Seizures Identifying the cause of seizures can be challenging. Possible causes include: Brain damage from birth complications, infections, strokes, or head injuries Genetic predisposition Other conditions such as tuberous sclerosis Unknown factors https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9378/New_classifications-01.jpg Yes 217 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/potential-triggers-for-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5253.mp4 Potential triggers for epilepsy Epilepsy Triggers and Management Introduction Various factors can trigger seizures in individuals with epilepsy, impacting their daily lives. Recognizing and managing these triggers is crucial for maintaining seizure control. Common Triggers 1. Medication Non-Adherence Missing medication can significantly increase the risk of seizures, as prescribed medications help reduce seizure frequency. 2. Stress and Anxiety Stress and anxiety can act as triggers, especially during challenging situations, leading to seizure onset. 3. Sleep Deprivation Lack of sleep due to racing thoughts or worries can exacerbate epilepsy symptoms and increase seizure susceptibility. 4. Sensory Stimuli Loud noises or sudden stimuli like sneezing can trigger seizures, particularly in individuals with sensory sensitivities. 5. Illness and Fever Illness and high fever can provoke seizures, especially during cold and flu seasons, necessitating careful monitoring and management. 6. Photosensitive Epilepsy Photosensitive epilepsy affects a small percentage of individuals and can be triggered by flashing lights or bright environments, such as opening curtains on a sunny day. 7. Hormonal Changes Hormonal fluctuations during puberty, menstruation, or pregnancy can contribute to seizure occurrence and require tailored management. 8. Diet and Hydration Poor diet and dehydration can impact overall health and increase seizure risk, emphasizing the importance of balanced nutrition and adequate hydration. 9. Recreational Drugs and Alcohol Excessive consumption of recreational drugs or alcohol can impair brain function and trigger seizures, necessitating caution and awareness. Management Strategies Effective management of epilepsy triggers involves: Adherence to prescribed medications Stress reduction techniques Promoting healthy sleep habits Avoiding sensory overload Prompt treatment of illnesses Minimizing exposure to triggering stimuli Monitoring hormonal changes Adopting a balanced diet and staying hydrated Avoiding substance misuse https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9376/Potential_triggers_for_epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 208 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/buccal-midazolam-information https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4584.mp4 Buccal Midazolam information Administration of Buccal Midazolam for Seizure Treatment Introduction In this video, our paramedic discusses the administration of buccal midazolam for the treatment of seizures. Please note that viewing this video does not qualify you to administer or manage this medication. For further training, please contact us. Understanding Buccal Midazolam Buccal midazolam is a highly effective drug commonly used in the care industry for individuals experiencing seizures. We will explore how it is delivered, the different forms and doses, and the administration process. Pre-Filled Syringes Pre-filled syringes are colour-coded and labelled with the appropriate age group: less than 18 years, less than 10 years, less than five years, and less than one year. The prescribed dosage is specific to each patient. Ensure the following checks before administration: Correct patient Correct dosage Correct date (drug must be in date) Seal integrity (must be intact) Administering Buccal Midazolam Follow these steps for administering buccal midazolam: Remove the top cap, breaking the seal. Ensure there is no needle attached. Lift the cheek away from the gum. Insert the syringe between the gum and cheek. Gently squeeze the drug into the buccal mucosa. Allow the drug to absorb through the mucous membranes. Document the administration, including the time and dosage, in the drug book. Liquid Form of Buccal Midazolam In some healthcare settings, buccal midazolam may be administered in liquid form. Follow these steps: Check the date stamp and concentration on the bottle. Compress and remove the safety lid. Insert the pipette into the bottle and draw the required dose. Ensure the correct amount is drawn by checking the mark on the syringe stem. Administer the drug as described above. Safety and Precautions Always double-check the drug details and ensure a second person confirms the information before administration. Never use medication with a broken seal, and remember that buccal midazolam should never be administered with a needle. Conclusion Buccal midazolam is an effective treatment for seizures when administered correctly. Ensure all safety checks are performed and document the process accurately. For further training and information, please contact us. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8259/Buccal_Midazolam_information-01.jpg Yes 364 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/lived-experience-2 https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3754.mp4 Epilepsy Lived Experience - Emily Emily's Journey with Epilepsy Discovering Epilepsy Emily shares her experience of discovering she had epilepsy, including her struggles with recognising seizures and seeking diagnosis. Recognising Symptoms Emily: Initially, I couldn't pinpoint my first seizure as I went two years without realising they were unusual. Gradually, I noticed losing time and experiencing unconsciousness, leading me to seek answers. Confusion with Auras Emily: I often confuse the feeling of an aura with nerves, impacting my daily life, such as during exams, where I've mistaken nervousness for an impending seizure. Challenging Stereotypes Emily: Stereotypes about epilepsy, like seizures only occurring on the floor due to flashing lights, contribute to misconceptions. My seizures are different, requiring a different response. Living with Epilepsy Emily discusses her experiences with epilepsy, medication, and how it has affected her life and relationships. Medication and Management Emily: I'm on 600 milligrams of carbamazepine, which has significantly reduced my seizures. Managing medication and its side effects has been a journey, but I'm hopeful for the future. Impact on Daily Life Emily: Epilepsy has changed my life, influencing decisions like disclosing my condition early on in new situations and adapting to restrictions and stereotypes. Aspirations and Future Goals Emily shares her aspirations and goals for the future, focusing on normalcy, understanding, and acceptance. Advocacy and Awareness Emily: I aim to raise awareness about epilepsy and challenge misconceptions, advocating for understanding and support from others. Striving for Normalcy Emily: Despite the challenges, I'm nearly 15 months seizure-free and working towards a future where epilepsy doesn't define me, but rather empowers me to educate and inspire others. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6741/Epilepsy_Lived_Experience_-_Emily-01.jpg Yes 409 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/how-is-epilepsy-diagnosed https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4575.mp4 How is epilepsy diagnosed Diagnosis and Assessment of Epilepsy Understanding Epilepsy Diagnosis Epilepsy is typically diagnosed based on the tendency to have recurrent seizures, making a diagnosis unlikely after a single seizure. Seeking Medical Attention Following a seizure, it's crucial to consult a GP promptly. If seizures recur, a clinical assessment is necessary. Comprehensive Clinical Assessment A clinical assessment involves taking the patient's history, conducting various tests, and neurological exams to identify seizure types and potential causes. Referral to Epilepsy Specialist If concerns arise during assessment, the patient may be referred to an epilepsy specialist for further evaluation and diagnosis. Rule Out Other Conditions Doctors must exclude other conditions that cause seizures, such as diabetes, heart disease, or migraines, through thorough examination and testing. Diagnostic Tests Key diagnostic tests include Electroencephalography (EEG) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans, which provide valuable insights into brain activity and structure. Effective Communication with Doctors When discussing seizures with a doctor, patients should provide detailed information about symptoms, seizure patterns, pre- and post-seizure experiences, and any relevant factors for accurate diagnosis. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8243/How_is_epilepsy_diagnosed-01.jpg Yes 82 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/what-are-seizures https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4581.mp4 What are seizures Understanding Seizures What are Seizures? A seizure occurs when there is an excessive and uncontrolled release of electrical activity in the brain. Seizures: Symptoms and Causes Seizures are not a disease but rather an event, often symptomatic of epilepsy but can also be triggered by other conditions. Varied Symptoms Contrary to common belief, seizures can manifest in various ways, not always involving rhythmic body jerking. They may also occur without loss of consciousness, affecting body movements, awareness, emotions, and senses. Brain Function and Seizure Presentation The brain governs various bodily functions, with different areas responsible for vision, speech, emotions, taste, and smell. The origin of a seizure within the brain influences its presentation. Carrying Identification Individuals with epilepsy are advised to carry identification to aid bystanders in providing appropriate assistance during a seizure. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8255/What_are_seizures-01.jpg Yes 68 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/causes-of-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3763.mp4 What causes Epilepsy Causes of Epilepsy: Trauma, Genetics, and Developmental Factors Identifying the Causes of Epilepsy In some instances, the causes of epilepsy can be identified. However, for around two-thirds of children and half of the adults with epilepsy, the cause remains unknown. Trauma-Induced Epilepsy Epilepsy can be triggered by trauma to the brain. Causes include: Brain tumours Stroke Dementia Alcohol and drug abuse Infection Physical trauma to the head These factors can disrupt the delicate balance of nerve signals in the brain, leading to epilepsy. Susceptibility Based on Life Stages While the exact cause may not always be clear, susceptibility to epilepsy can vary based on life stages: Epilepsy is rarely caused by tumours in children. Strokes and dementia are more common causes in older adults. Genetic and Developmental Factors Some individuals are born with epilepsy. While genetics can play a role, epilepsy can also result from brain trauma occurring before birth. Factors include: Oxygen deprivation during the birthing process Infections passed from mother to baby in the womb Developmental issues with the brain during growth https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6733/What_causes_Epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 74 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/epilepsy-lived-experience-1 https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3753.mp4 Epilepsy Lived Experience - Iain Living with Epilepsy: Ian and Diane's Story Understanding Nocturnal Epilepsy Ian shares his experience of living with nocturnal epilepsy and tonic-clonic seizures, describing the challenges and misconceptions. Nocturnal Seizures Ian: Despite having nocturnal epilepsy, seizures don't always occur at night. They happen during sleep, and I'm often unaware of them. Caring for Ian Diane: As Ian's carer, I monitor his seizures and assess their severity. Some episodes require urgent medical attention, adding stress to our lives. Identifying Triggers Diane: We've learned to recognize triggers like tiredness and high temperatures, which can exacerbate Ian's seizures. Impact on Daily Life Ian: Epilepsy affects my memory and ability to drive, adding psychological challenges to daily life. Dealing with Seizures Ian and Diane navigate the challenges of dealing with seizures and the support they receive from medical professionals. Response from Medical Personnel Diane: While paramedics offer support during seizures, we encounter challenges, including language use and oxygen level monitoring. Emotional Impact Ian: Seizures are terrifying experiences, both for the individual and their loved ones, impacting emotional well-being. Lack of Understanding Diane: Social misconceptions about epilepsy persist, leading to misunderstanding and difficulty in acceptance, even among close family members. Seeking Support Ian and Diane reflect on the initial lack of guidance and support upon Ian's epilepsy diagnosis, highlighting the importance of patient-centric care. Challenges in Diagnosis Diane: Initial diagnosis lacked adequate support and information, leaving us to navigate the condition independently. Importance of Patient Input Ian: Listening to patients' experiences and needs is essential, given the diverse nature of epilepsy. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6751/Epilepsy_Lived_Experience_-_Iain-01.jpg Yes 689 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/stimulation-treatments https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4571.mp4 Stimulation treatments Nerve Stimulation Therapies for Epilepsy Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Therapy DBS therapy aims to control excessive brain activity, reducing seizure frequency and severity. Key Point: DBS should complement, not replace, anti-epileptic drugs. The effects may not be immediate and could take years to become noticeable. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) VNS acts as a brain pacemaker, targeting the Vagus Nerves to modulate brain signals. Key Point: It can help manage seizure frequency and severity. The stimulation level can be adjusted by the individual, potentially aiding in seizure prevention. Continual Advancements in Stimulation Treatments Ongoing research into stimulation therapies is uncovering more about their effectiveness. Key Point: As research progresses, new insights into treatment efficacy emerge. These advancements offer hope for improved seizure management and quality of life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8233/Stimulation_treatments-01.jpg Yes 100 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/epilepsy-treatment https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2428.mp4 Epilepsy treatment Epilepsy and Seizure First Aid Understanding Epilepsy Epilepsy is a condition characterised by a propensity for recurrent, unprovoked convulsions, commonly referred to as seizures. Treatment approaches are generally consistent across most types of epilepsy. Dealing with Seizures Witnessing a seizure can be distressing, but as a first aider, your assistance is crucial. Follow these important steps: Protect: Safeguard the individual from harm by clearing the vicinity of dangerous objects. Cushion: Provide head support to prevent head injury. Time: Take note of the seizure's start and end times. Identification: Check for epilepsy identity cards or jewellery. Recovery Position: After the seizure, gently place them in the recovery position to aid breathing. Reassure: Offer calm reassurance throughout the process. Stay: Remain with the person until they fully recover. No Restraint: Avoid restraining or moving the person. Avoid Mouth Contact: Do not insert anything into the person's mouth. Minimize Movement: Only move them if there's imminent danger. No Food or Drink: Refrain from giving them food or drink until they are fully recovered. Avoid Waking: Do not attempt to rouse them. Monitoring and When to Call an Ambulance For all epilepsy types, continue monitoring the patient's breathing and pulse. Call for an ambulance under the following circumstances: First Seizure: It's their initial seizure. Long Duration: The seizure lasts longer than five minutes. Consecutive Seizures: Tonic-clonic seizures occur successively without consciousness recovery. Injury: The person sustains an injury during the seizure. Perceived Urgency: You believe immediate medical attention is necessary. In the rare event that the person stops breathing, activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and initiate CPR. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/4625/Epilepsy_treatment-01.jpg Yes 158 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/prognosis-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3721.mp4 Prognosis Prognosis of Epilepsy: Factors, Treatment, and Support Varied Prognosis of Epilepsy The prognosis of epilepsy can vary greatly. For some individuals, it can be fairly positive, while for others, it may require ongoing care. Several factors influence the prognosis, with one of the most significant being the underlying cause of epilepsy. Factors Influencing Prognosis Understanding the cause of epilepsy is crucial. For instance, if epilepsy is due to a brain tumour or brain injury, the brain may be affected in various ways. Some individuals find that the first anti-epileptic medication they are prescribed effectively makes them seizure-free, and they may remain so as long as they continue taking the medication. Unfortunately, others may find that the first, second, and even third medications do not work, and they may still experience seizures despite trying numerous epilepsy medications. Individualised Treatment There is no "one-size-fits-all" solution for controlling seizures and epilepsy. Each case is unique, and finding the right balance between the benefits of medications and their potential side effects is essential. What works for one person may not be suitable for another, highlighting the need for personalised treatment plans. Impact on Family and Friends A diagnosis of epilepsy affects not only the individual but also their family and friends. It can be frightening, especially for those who have never encountered the condition before. Education is key for both the patient and their wider family to dispel misconceptions and manage the condition effectively. Support from Charity Organisations Several charity organisations, such as the Epilepsy Society and Young Epilepsy Charity, provide support and resources for those affected by epilepsy. These organisations offer valuable assistance and information, benefiting everyone involved. Links to these organisations can be found in the student download area of this course. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6673/Prognosis-01.jpg Yes 135 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/what-is-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3761.mp4 What is Epilepsy Understanding Epilepsy: Types, Triggers, and Brain Function What is Epilepsy? Epilepsy is defined as a neurological condition characterised by a tendency for repeated seizures of primary cerebral origin. The term "epilepsy" comes from the Ancient Greek word meaning "to seize". Diverse Nature of Epilepsy Many people think of epilepsy as a single condition, but it is actually an umbrella term for a group of about 10-15 different types of epilepsy. Each type has distinct triggers and manifests in different ways. Every individual with epilepsy experiences their condition uniquely. The Brain and Seizures The brain, a key component of the Central Nervous System, is responsible for all bodily functions. It communicates with the body via nerves. Seizures occur when nerve signals are disrupted or too many signals are sent simultaneously. Let’s explore this further: Disruptions in the Brain During a seizure, disruptions in the brain cause the messages being sent to and from the brain to become halted or mixed. The experience of a seizure depends on the location of these disruptions within the brain. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6737/What_is_Epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 79 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/medication-and-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4570.mp4 Medication and Epilepsy Anti-Epileptic Drugs: Effectiveness and Usage Understanding Anti-Epileptic Drugs Anti-epileptic drugs are vital in preventing seizures and are highly effective when used correctly. Key Point: While these drugs can control seizures, they do not offer a cure for epilepsy. Diversity in Drug Options There is a wide range of anti-epileptic drugs, each serving a specific function to combat different types of seizures. Common Drug Names: Tegretol, Clobazam, Midazolam, and Diazepam are among the frequently used medications. Many of these drugs have additional applications beyond epilepsy treatment, contributing to various treatment paths for different conditions. Importance of Individualised Treatment Identifying the right medication for an individual is crucial, as effectiveness varies from person to person. Key Point: There is no universally superior medication; what works for one person may not work for another. Consistent Usage for Long-Term Effectiveness To maintain effectiveness, it is essential to adhere to a consistent medication regimen, following prescribed dosages and timings meticulously. The success of treatment relies on continuous use of the medication as outlined in the specific treatment plan. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8235/Medication_and_Epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 86 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/epilepsy-at-different-ages https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4574.mp4 Epilepsy at different ages Epilepsy: Prevalence in the Elderly and Impact on Children Epilepsy in the Elderly Epilepsy is often more common amongst the elderly and can frequently go unrecognised or be misdiagnosed. Its prevalence increases in older adults primarily due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, strokes, brain tumours, and an increased risk of falls leading to head trauma. Impact on Children and Families When epilepsy affects younger children, it significantly impacts not only the child but also their parents and siblings. Balancing normal development with the special concerns of epilepsy can be challenging. A valuable resource for further information is The Epilepsy Foundation website. It provides informational materials and a Freephone telephone number where teenagers can ask questions and receive straightforward answers. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8247/Epilepsy_at_different_ages-01.jpg Yes 54 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/reasons-to-call-the-ems https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5287.mp4 Reasons to call the EMS When to Call Emergency Services During a Seizure Key Situations for Dialling 999 or 112 Knowing when to call emergency services during a seizure is crucial. Here are the main reasons to dial 999 or 112: First-Time Seizure If the person has never had a seizure before, call emergency services immediately. Seizure Lasts More Than Five Minutes If the seizure continues for more than five minutes, call for help. Refer to the individual's care plan, which may specify the exact time to call. The Joint Epilepsy Council recommends calling after five minutes. Repeated Seizures If the patient is experiencing repeated seizures with no break in between (status epilepticus), emergency services should be contacted immediately. Failure to Regain Consciousness If the person does not come round after the seizure, seek emergency assistance. Injury During the Seizure If the individual has injured themselves during the seizure, such as from a fall, call for medical help. Unusual Seizure Activity If the seizure appears different from the individual's typical seizures or if the patient indicates that something feels unusual, call for help. The care plan should describe typical seizure activity. Seizure in Pregnant Women If a pregnant woman is having a seizure, call emergency services immediately to ensure the safety of both the mother and the unborn child. How to Call Emergency Services When calling emergency services, dial 999 or 112 and ask for an ambulance. Be ready to provide detailed information, including: Location: Give the exact location or use the What3Words app to provide a precise 3-metre square location. Description: Describe what is happening and the duration of the seizure. Access: Provide details on how to access the building or specific location. If possible, put the phone on speaker to keep your hands free to assist the patient. This may involve maintaining their dignity by covering them if they have lost bladder control. Remember, it's always better to call for help if you are unsure. The operator can provide guidance and support until the ambulance arrives. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9404/Reasons_to_call_the_EMS-01.jpg Yes 159 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/epilepsy-surgery https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4572.mp4 Epilepsy surgery Surgical Options for Epilepsy Treatment Factors Influencing Surgical Consideration Likelihood of Epilepsy: Assessing if seizures are epilepsy-related. Positive Outcome Probability: Evaluating the potential success of surgery. Seizure Type Identification: Ability to pinpoint the seizure type. Exhaustion of Alternative Methods: Ensuring all other treatments have been attempted. Surgical Procedures for Epilepsy Surgical interventions depend on seizure type and origin within the brain. Key Point: Options include tissue removal or interruption of nerve pathways. Considerations and Risks Some individuals may have surgery as a last resort due to contra-indications. Stroke Risk: Approximately 1 in 100 individuals undergoing surgery suffer a stroke. Memory Challenges: Around 5% may experience memory difficulties post-surgery. Future Prospects Advancements in surgical techniques offer hope for improved outcomes over time. Key Point: Continued progress may expand surgical options for more individuals. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8239/Epilepsy_surgery-01.jpg Yes 83 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/support-during-seizures- https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5286.mp4 Support during seizures Assisting Someone During a Seizure Standard Practices for Safety Before exploring advanced treatments, it's crucial to understand the standard practices for assisting someone during a seizure to ensure their safety. Protect from Harm Key Point: The priority is to move any nearby objects that could pose a risk of injury to the person during the seizure, such as tables, chairs, or furniture. Support the Head Important: Place something soft under the person's head, especially if they are on a hard surface, to support their head and prevent neck strain without obstructing the airway. Avoid Placing Objects in the Mouth Protocol: Never attempt to put anything into the person's mouth, as this could cause harm by forcing the mouth open or injuring the person. Keep Bystanders Away Crucial: Prevent bystanders from crowding around or filming the seizure, as this can be intrusive and potentially harmful to the person's privacy. Do Not Restrain Key Point: Avoid restraining the individual during the seizure, as it can increase the risk of harm due to involuntary movements. Record Duration Essential: Record the duration of the seizure from the moment it begins, as seizures lasting over five minutes require immediate medical attention. Maintain Dignity Consideration: Ensure the person's dignity by providing covering, such as blankets, especially if there is bladder loss, to maintain privacy and reduce embarrassment. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9402/Support_during_seizures-01.jpg Yes 128 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/ketogenic-diets https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4576.mp4 Ketogenic diets Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy Introduction to Ketogenic Diet A method of controlling epilepsy without anti-epileptic drugs. Historical Background: Developed in the early 20th century to treat hard-to-manage childhood epilepsy. Effectiveness and Usage Despite declining popularity, ketogenic diet remains viable. Key Point: Studies show it can significantly reduce or eliminate seizures if carefully followed. Success Rate: Works in about a third of children with epilepsy. Diet Composition: High fat and low carbohydrate content. Mechanism: Forces the body to burn fat instead of sugar, leading to beneficial brain changes. Considerations and Precautions Ketogenic diets are sometimes advocated for weight loss but require medical consultation. Key Point: Always consult a doctor before significant dietary changes. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8245/Ketogenic_diets-01.jpg Yes 80 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/myths-and-truths-of-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5288.mp4 Myths and Truths of Epilepsy Epilepsy: Facts, Myths, and Truths Training Course Guidelines Before proceeding, note that this is a training course. The administration of Bakula Madazalam, as advised by the Joint Epilepsy Accounts Council, requires supervised practice. Employers should facilitate observation of the procedure by a trained staff member before administering the drug to a patient, ensuring consent from a parent or guardian. Ensure supervision or consent is obtained from your employer before drug administration. Common Misconceptions Myth: Not many people have epilepsy. Myth: Epilepsy is possession by evil spirits. Partial Myth: People with epilepsy can't use computers or go clubbing. Fact: There are around a thousand deaths annually due to epilepsy. Myth: People with epilepsy will always have seizures. Truth: Epilepsy can occur at any stage of life. Epilepsy Occurrence Epilepsy affects individuals of all ages, with peaks during puberty and among those over 65. Understanding Epilepsy Deaths Approximately a thousand deaths each year result from unexpected seizures, often occurring during activities like driving or swimming. Epilepsy Overview Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures, once initiated, cannot be voluntarily stopped. There are over 40 types of seizures, and individuals may experience multiple types, complicating treatment. Seizures vs. Epilepsy It's crucial to distinguish between seizures and epilepsy. Seizures may occur due to various factors such as head injuries or illnesses and are not always indicative of epilepsy. Prevalence Over 600,000 people, or approximately 1 in 100 individuals in the UK, have epilepsy. Epilepsy Diagnosis Each day, about 87 individuals receive an epilepsy diagnosis, but many cases remain undiagnosed. Nocturnal Seizures Seizures during sleep, particularly at night, are common, affecting individuals of all ages. Furthermore, 1 in 4 epilepsy diagnoses occurs in individuals over 65. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9406/Myths_and_Truths_of_Epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 285 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/the-importance-of-treating-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4580.mp4 The importance of treating Epilepsy Epilepsy Treatment and Impact Treatment with Anti-Epileptic Medication While there is currently no cure for epilepsy, effective treatment with the right type and dosage of anti-epileptic medication can significantly control seizures. Key Point: Research indicates that approximately 70% of individuals with epilepsy can achieve complete seizure control with appropriate medication. Consequences of Untreated Epilepsy If left untreated, epilepsy can lead to severe consequences, as discussed below: Life-Threatening Seizure Events Warning: Seizures can pose a risk of life-threatening events either during the seizure itself or through Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). Potential for Brain Damage Risk: Seizures have the potential to cause brain damage, resulting in significant implications for quality of life in the long term. Impact on Mental Health and Quality of Life Concerns: Untreated epilepsy may lead to various mental health and social challenges, including: Fall in IQ Depression and social problems Lower quality of life due to increased seizure risk Possible suicidal tendencies https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8253/The_importance_of_treating_Epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 60 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/when-a-seizure-occurs https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4582.mp4 When a seizure occurs What to Do If Someone Has a Seizure Prioritise Your Safety First Priority: Ensure your own safety before helping the person having a seizure. Some seizures can cause the person to lash out, potentially injuring you or others. Make sure you are in a safe position before attempting to assist. Time the Seizure Important Action: Note the exact time the seizure started. This information is crucial for the person affected and the emergency medical services if they need to be called. Common Misconceptions Do Not: Place a spoon or any object in the person’s mouth. This can cause injury and does not prevent swallowing of the tongue, which is a myth. Avoid: Trying to restrain the person. Instead, loosely support their head to prevent injury. Maintaining Dignity Consider: The patient's dignity. Onlookers may record the incident on mobile phones. Ask them not to, or request they call emergency services if necessary. In some cases, the patient may lose bladder control. If possible, cover that area to maintain their dignity. When to Call Emergency Services Guidelines for Calling an Ambulance: The patient has not had a seizure before. The seizure continues for more than 5 minutes. The patient has repeated seizures or does not regain consciousness after the seizure. The patient is injured during the seizure. The patient requests an ambulance, is pregnant, or has other known medical conditions. Remember: It is always better to dial 999 or 112 if you are unsure. The operator is trained to guide you through the situation. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8257/When_a_seizure_occurs-01.jpg Yes 153 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/the-5-steps-to-risk-assessments https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5289.mp4 The 5 Steps to Risk Assessments Epilepsy Risk Assessment: Ensuring Safety and Support Introduction to Risk Assessment Conducting a comprehensive risk assessment is crucial, especially for individuals living with epilepsy. It helps identify and mitigate potential hazards, ensuring their safety in various environments. Identifying Hazards Begin by identifying potential hazards, considering the unique challenges faced by individuals with epilepsy. Hazards may include risks during personal care activities, outings, or at home, such as in the kitchen or near stairs. Assessing Potential Harm Consider who may be harmed and how. This includes the individual with epilepsy as well as others, such as caregivers or members of the public. Evaluate the severity of potential injuries to develop appropriate precautions. Evaluating Risks Evaluate the identified risks and determine suitable precautions. This may involve implementing safety measures such as supervision during personal care, installing seizure detection sensors, or rearranging furniture to minimize injury risks. Implementing Precautions Implement the identified precautions to reduce the identified risks. Ensure that all caregivers and support personnel are aware of these measures to maintain a safe environment for the individual with epilepsy. Recording and Reviewing Record the findings of the risk assessment and distribute them to relevant parties involved in the individual's care. Regularly review the risk assessment, at least annually or as circumstances change, to ensure its ongoing effectiveness. Conclusion By following these five steps and adhering to guidance from health and safety authorities, we can effectively protect individuals with epilepsy from potential harm and provide them with the necessary support for their well-being. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9408/The_5_Steps_to_Risk_Assessments-01.jpg Yes 275 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/individual-care-plans https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5290.mp4 Individual Care Plans Individual Care Plans for Epilepsy Management Introduction Individual care plans for epilepsy are essential documents prescribed by a physician, detailing the specific medication and guidelines for each patient. These plans ensure personalised and effective management of epilepsy. Essential Elements of a Care Plan Every care plan should include the following key elements: Patient Identification The care plan must clearly identify the individual with their name to ensure it is specific to them. Seizure Description The plan should provide a detailed description of the individual’s seizures. Seizures often follow a consistent pattern for each person, which should be documented. For example, a tonic-clonic seizure description might include loss of consciousness, falling, and convulsing. Potential Triggers Identify and document any known triggers for the individual’s seizures, such as high temperatures or illness. This information helps in preventing or managing these triggers effectively. Warning Signs Note any warning signs, such as auras, that precede seizures. Recognising these signs can help in timely intervention. Seizure Duration Record the typical duration of the individual's seizures and their recovery time. This information is crucial for monitoring and managing seizures effectively. Medication Administration Include clear guidelines on when to administer buccal midazolam, specifying the exact timing (e.g., after 5 minutes of seizure activity). Detail the dosage (commonly 10 milligrams in 1 millilitre) and the expected response time after administration. Repeat Doses Specify if and when a repeat or second dose of medication can be given, including the interval between doses. For example, indicate if a second dose can be administered 10 or 20 minutes after the first. Maximum Doses in 24 Hours Detail the maximum number of doses allowed within a 24-hour period and when to contact emergency services if the medication does not work or if other medical issues arise. Emergency Contacts List any additional contacts to be notified after administering medication, such as the individual’s GP, neurologist, parent, or guardian. Conclusion Individual care plans are vital for the effective management of epilepsy. They provide detailed instructions on medication administration and seizure management, ensuring the safety and well-being of the patient. Always follow the care plan closely and consult healthcare professionals as needed. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9410/Individual_Care_Plans-01.jpg Yes 282 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/different-syringes-for-buccalam https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5268.mp4 Different syringes, for Buccalam Buccal Midazolam Doses and Administration for Children Introduction In this guide, we will discuss the various doses and strengths of Buccal Midazolam prescribed for children with epilepsy. Buccal Midazolam is a prescription medication specifically tailored for children and young people, available in different strengths. Different Doses and Strengths 2.5 Milligrams The yellow box contains 2.5 milligrams of Buccal Midazolam in a 0.5 millilitre pre-filled syringe. This dose is for children from three months to less than one year old. Follow these steps: Check the syringe through the viewing window for any crystallisation. Verify the expiry date on the box. Ensure the prescription label includes the child’s name and other necessary details. 5 Milligrams The blue box contains 5 milligrams of Buccal Midazolam in a 1 millilitre pre-filled syringe. This dose is for children from one year to less than five years old. Follow the same steps as above to ensure safe administration. 7.5 Milligrams The next dose is 7.5 milligrams of Buccal Midazolam in a 1.5 millilitre pre-filled syringe, intended for children from five years to less than ten years old. Again, ensure there is no crystallisation and check the expiry date before administration. 10 Milligrams The red box contains 10 milligrams of Buccal Midazolam in a 1 millilitre pre-filled syringe. This dose is for children from ten to eighteen years old. Ensure all checks are completed as with the previous doses. Administering Buccal Midazolam Regardless of the dose, the administration process is consistent: Open the tube and remove the syringe. Inspect for any crystallisation within the syringe. Check the expiry date and prescription details. Administer the medication as directed into the buccal cavity (inside the cheek). Off-Label Use for Adults Buccal Midazolam may also be prescribed for individuals over eighteen years old, although this is considered off-label use. This means the manufacturer does not assume responsibility, and the prescribing doctor or pharmacist is accountable for its use. Conclusion Buccal Midazolam is an effective treatment for children with epilepsy when administered correctly. Always follow the prescribed steps to ensure safe and effective use, and consult with healthcare professionals if you have any concerns. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9400/Buccolam_Medications-01.jpg Yes 220 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/sudep https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3765.mp4 SUDEP Understanding SUDEP: Risks and Prevention Rare but Possible: Death from Epilepsy While it is very rare for someone to die from epilepsy, it is not impossible. Some deaths result from accidents that occur during a seizure, such as falling and hitting their head. However, the vast majority are due to what is known as Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy, or SUDEP. What is SUDEP? SUDEP is estimated to cause around 600 deaths each year in the UK. The exact causes of SUDEP are not yet fully understood. However, the risk of SUDEP depends on the type of epilepsy and how well it is managed. In many cases, SUDEP has occurred during or after a seizure, sometimes during sleep. Reducing the Risk of SUDEP Currently, the most effective way to reduce the risk of SUDEP is to take prescribed medication exactly as intended, at the correct time and in the correct dosage. Proper management of epilepsy is crucial to minimise the risks associated with seizures. Key Points to Remember Always take your prescribed medication as directed. Ensure you follow your treatment plan consistently. Monitor your condition and report any changes to your healthcare provider. Maintain regular check-ups with your healthcare team to manage your epilepsy effectively. By following these guidelines, you can help to manage your epilepsy and reduce the risk of SUDEP, ensuring a safer and healthier life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6747/SUDEP-01.jpg Yes 63 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/local-policies-and-procedures- https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5266.mp4 Local policies and procedures  Local Policies, Procedures, and Emergency Management Policies and Procedures Discuss the policies and procedures relevant to your role, including: Medication Policy Manual Handling Policy CQC (Care Quality Commission) OFSTED (Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills) NMC (Nursing and Midwifery Council) Managing Emergency Situations Consider your workplace and the individuals you support. How would you manage an emergency situation? Key factors to address include: Privacy and Dignity: Maintaining a person's privacy and dignity is crucial, even in emergency situations. Risk Assessment: Procedures may need to be carried out in various environments, including public places. Assess the risks in each situation to ensure safety and dignity. Maintaining Privacy and Dignity To maintain privacy and dignity, consider the following strategies: Use screens or barriers to provide a private space if possible. Communicate clearly and respectfully with the individual to explain what you are doing and why. Ensure that only necessary personnel are present during the procedure. Cover the person appropriately to maintain their dignity. Conclusion Adhering to local policies and procedures, managing emergencies effectively, and maintaining privacy and dignity are essential aspects of providing high-quality care. Always assess each situation carefully and act with respect and professionalism. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9392/Local_policies_and_procedures-01.jpg Yes 276 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/buccal/video/adult-cpr-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/104.mp4 Adult CPR Adult Cardiac Arrest: Step-by-Step CPR and AED Guidance Adult cardiac arrest is a time-critical emergency, often caused by sudden cardiac arrhythmia, usually linked to underlying heart disease. Immediate action — calling for help, starting CPR, and using an AED — gives the best chance of survival. Step 1: Ensure the Scene Is Safe Before approaching the casualty, always ensure the area is safe for you and others. Look for hazards such as: Traffic Fire Electricity Broken glass or sharp objects If it's safe, approach the casualty. Step 2: Check for Response Gently shake their shoulders and ask: “Are you alright?” If there is no response, shout for help. If someone is nearby, ask them to: Call 999 immediately and put the phone on speaker Bring an AED if available If you are alone, call 999 on speakerphone so the emergency operator can guide you through CPR. Step 3: Check for Normal Breathing Next, you need to check for normal breathing: Open the airway with a head-tilt, chin-lift (place one hand on the forehead and two fingers under the chin, gently tilting the head back) Look into the mouth and remove any visible obstruction, but only if it can be easily seen and removed Look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds If the casualty is not breathing normally or only gasping, assume cardiac arrest and start CPR immediately. Step 4: Start CPR Without Delay Tell the 999 operator that the casualty is not breathing normally. The operator will dispatch an ambulance and guide you through CPR step-by-step. How to Perform Chest Compressions Kneel beside the casualty Place the heel of one hand on the centre of the chest, between the nipples Place your other hand on top, interlock your fingers, and keep your arms straight Press down firmly to a depth of 5–6 cm Release fully after each compression, allowing the chest to rise Continue compressions at a rate of 100–120 per minute (about two compressions per second) Tip: You can time compressions to the beat of a familiar song like “Stayin' Alive” or “Baby Shark”, both of which match the right rhythm. Step 5: Give Rescue Breaths After 30 compressions, give 2 rescue breaths: Re-open the airway with a head-tilt, chin-lift Pinch the nose closed and seal your mouth over theirs Blow steadily for about one second, watching for the chest to rise Allow the chest to fall before giving the second breath Return immediately to chest compressions. If you are unable or unwilling to give breaths, continue with chest compressions only — these are still highly effective and strongly recommended. Step 6: Use an AED as Soon as It Arrives When an AED arrives: Switch it on immediately and follow the spoken instructions Expose the chest and attach the pads as shown on the diagram: One pad just below the right collarbone One pad on the left side of the chest, below the armpit The AED will analyse the heart rhythm. Ensure no one is touching the casualty during this step. If a shock is advised, ensure everyone is clear, say “Stand clear,” and press the shock button. Immediately resume CPR after the shock, starting with chest compressions. If no shock is advised, continue CPR as before. Step 7: Continue Until Help Arrives Continue CPR until: The person starts breathing normally or shows signs of life, such as movement, eye opening, or coughing Emergency services arrive and take over You become physically exhausted If the Person Starts Breathing Normally If the person starts breathing normally: Stop compressions and place them in the recovery position Keep the airway open and the head slightly tilted back Monitor their breathing continuously until help arrives Key Points to Remember Call 999 immediately and use speakerphone Start CPR if the person is not breathing normally Perform 30 compressions to 2 breaths, compressing 5–6 cm at a rate of 100–120 per minute Use an AED as soon as possible and follow its voice instructions If you cannot give breaths, perform continuous chest compressions until help arrives Every second counts. Your quick actions can save a life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/161/ADULT_CPR_2025.jpg Yes 273 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/lived-experience-2 https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3754.mp4 Epilepsy Lived Experience - Emily Emily's Journey with Epilepsy Discovering Epilepsy Emily shares her experience of discovering she had epilepsy, including her struggles with recognising seizures and seeking diagnosis. Recognising Symptoms Emily: Initially, I couldn't pinpoint my first seizure as I went two years without realising they were unusual. Gradually, I noticed losing time and experiencing unconsciousness, leading me to seek answers. Confusion with Auras Emily: I often confuse the feeling of an aura with nerves, impacting my daily life, such as during exams, where I've mistaken nervousness for an impending seizure. Challenging Stereotypes Emily: Stereotypes about epilepsy, like seizures only occurring on the floor due to flashing lights, contribute to misconceptions. My seizures are different, requiring a different response. Living with Epilepsy Emily discusses her experiences with epilepsy, medication, and how it has affected her life and relationships. Medication and Management Emily: I'm on 600 milligrams of carbamazepine, which has significantly reduced my seizures. Managing medication and its side effects has been a journey, but I'm hopeful for the future. Impact on Daily Life Emily: Epilepsy has changed my life, influencing decisions like disclosing my condition early on in new situations and adapting to restrictions and stereotypes. Aspirations and Future Goals Emily shares her aspirations and goals for the future, focusing on normalcy, understanding, and acceptance. Advocacy and Awareness Emily: I aim to raise awareness about epilepsy and challenge misconceptions, advocating for understanding and support from others. Striving for Normalcy Emily: Despite the challenges, I'm nearly 15 months seizure-free and working towards a future where epilepsy doesn't define me, but rather empowers me to educate and inspire others. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6741/Epilepsy_Lived_Experience_-_Emily-01.jpg Yes 409 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/epilepsy-lived-experience-1 https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3753.mp4 Epilepsy Lived Experience - Iain Living with Epilepsy: Ian and Diane's Story Understanding Nocturnal Epilepsy Ian shares his experience of living with nocturnal epilepsy and tonic-clonic seizures, describing the challenges and misconceptions. Nocturnal Seizures Ian: Despite having nocturnal epilepsy, seizures don't always occur at night. They happen during sleep, and I'm often unaware of them. Caring for Ian Diane: As Ian's carer, I monitor his seizures and assess their severity. Some episodes require urgent medical attention, adding stress to our lives. Identifying Triggers Diane: We've learned to recognize triggers like tiredness and high temperatures, which can exacerbate Ian's seizures. Impact on Daily Life Ian: Epilepsy affects my memory and ability to drive, adding psychological challenges to daily life. Dealing with Seizures Ian and Diane navigate the challenges of dealing with seizures and the support they receive from medical professionals. Response from Medical Personnel Diane: While paramedics offer support during seizures, we encounter challenges, including language use and oxygen level monitoring. Emotional Impact Ian: Seizures are terrifying experiences, both for the individual and their loved ones, impacting emotional well-being. Lack of Understanding Diane: Social misconceptions about epilepsy persist, leading to misunderstanding and difficulty in acceptance, even among close family members. Seeking Support Ian and Diane reflect on the initial lack of guidance and support upon Ian's epilepsy diagnosis, highlighting the importance of patient-centric care. Challenges in Diagnosis Diane: Initial diagnosis lacked adequate support and information, leaving us to navigate the condition independently. Importance of Patient Input Ian: Listening to patients' experiences and needs is essential, given the diverse nature of epilepsy. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6751/Epilepsy_Lived_Experience_-_Iain-01.jpg Yes 689 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/what-is-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3761.mp4 What is Epilepsy Understanding Epilepsy: Types, Triggers, and Brain Function What is Epilepsy? Epilepsy is defined as a neurological condition characterised by a tendency for repeated seizures of primary cerebral origin. The term "epilepsy" comes from the Ancient Greek word meaning "to seize". Diverse Nature of Epilepsy Many people think of epilepsy as a single condition, but it is actually an umbrella term for a group of about 10-15 different types of epilepsy. Each type has distinct triggers and manifests in different ways. Every individual with epilepsy experiences their condition uniquely. The Brain and Seizures The brain, a key component of the Central Nervous System, is responsible for all bodily functions. It communicates with the body via nerves. Seizures occur when nerve signals are disrupted or too many signals are sent simultaneously. Let’s explore this further: Disruptions in the Brain During a seizure, disruptions in the brain cause the messages being sent to and from the brain to become halted or mixed. The experience of a seizure depends on the location of these disruptions within the brain. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6737/What_is_Epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 79 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/causes-of-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3763.mp4 What causes Epilepsy Causes of Epilepsy: Trauma, Genetics, and Developmental Factors Identifying the Causes of Epilepsy In some instances, the causes of epilepsy can be identified. However, for around two-thirds of children and half of the adults with epilepsy, the cause remains unknown. Trauma-Induced Epilepsy Epilepsy can be triggered by trauma to the brain. Causes include: Brain tumours Stroke Dementia Alcohol and drug abuse Infection Physical trauma to the head These factors can disrupt the delicate balance of nerve signals in the brain, leading to epilepsy. Susceptibility Based on Life Stages While the exact cause may not always be clear, susceptibility to epilepsy can vary based on life stages: Epilepsy is rarely caused by tumours in children. Strokes and dementia are more common causes in older adults. Genetic and Developmental Factors Some individuals are born with epilepsy. While genetics can play a role, epilepsy can also result from brain trauma occurring before birth. Factors include: Oxygen deprivation during the birthing process Infections passed from mother to baby in the womb Developmental issues with the brain during growth https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6733/What_causes_Epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 74 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/seizure-triggers https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3762.mp4 Seizure Triggers Seizure Triggers: Common and Uncommon Factors Common Seizure Triggers There are numerous potential triggers for seizures, and each person may have their own unique triggers. Below are some common triggers, but this list is not exhaustive: Missed medication Lack of sleep Stress and anxiety Boredom Irregular eating Hormone changes Visual triggers Uncommon Seizure Triggers There are also some less common triggers that should be noted: Sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, such as during the take-off or landing of an aeroplane, or even moving from sitting to standing too quickly. Extremes in blood sugar levels can cause seizures, particularly in people with diabetes. High blood sugar levels can lead to partial focal seizures, while low blood sugar levels can result in tonic-clonic seizures. Eating grapefruits can affect many medications, including anti-epileptic drugs. A chemical in grapefruit interferes with certain medications, altering their properties and making them less effective. Certain smells can also trigger seizures. For instance, some perfumes have been known to increase the likelihood of a seizure. Conclusion Understanding the various common and uncommon triggers of seizures can help in managing and preventing them. Each individual's triggers may vary, so it is important to identify and avoid personal triggers to reduce the risk of seizures. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6735/Seizure_Triggers-01.jpg Yes 86 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/prognosis-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3721.mp4 Prognosis Prognosis of Epilepsy: Factors, Treatment, and Support Varied Prognosis of Epilepsy The prognosis of epilepsy can vary greatly. For some individuals, it can be fairly positive, while for others, it may require ongoing care. Several factors influence the prognosis, with one of the most significant being the underlying cause of epilepsy. Factors Influencing Prognosis Understanding the cause of epilepsy is crucial. For instance, if epilepsy is due to a brain tumour or brain injury, the brain may be affected in various ways. Some individuals find that the first anti-epileptic medication they are prescribed effectively makes them seizure-free, and they may remain so as long as they continue taking the medication. Unfortunately, others may find that the first, second, and even third medications do not work, and they may still experience seizures despite trying numerous epilepsy medications. Individualised Treatment There is no "one-size-fits-all" solution for controlling seizures and epilepsy. Each case is unique, and finding the right balance between the benefits of medications and their potential side effects is essential. What works for one person may not be suitable for another, highlighting the need for personalised treatment plans. Impact on Family and Friends A diagnosis of epilepsy affects not only the individual but also their family and friends. It can be frightening, especially for those who have never encountered the condition before. Education is key for both the patient and their wider family to dispel misconceptions and manage the condition effectively. Support from Charity Organisations Several charity organisations, such as the Epilepsy Society and Young Epilepsy Charity, provide support and resources for those affected by epilepsy. These organisations offer valuable assistance and information, benefiting everyone involved. Links to these organisations can be found in the student download area of this course. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6673/Prognosis-01.jpg Yes 135 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/sudep https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3765.mp4 SUDEP Understanding SUDEP: Risks and Prevention Rare but Possible: Death from Epilepsy While it is very rare for someone to die from epilepsy, it is not impossible. Some deaths result from accidents that occur during a seizure, such as falling and hitting their head. However, the vast majority are due to what is known as Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy, or SUDEP. What is SUDEP? SUDEP is estimated to cause around 600 deaths each year in the UK. The exact causes of SUDEP are not yet fully understood. However, the risk of SUDEP depends on the type of epilepsy and how well it is managed. In many cases, SUDEP has occurred during or after a seizure, sometimes during sleep. Reducing the Risk of SUDEP Currently, the most effective way to reduce the risk of SUDEP is to take prescribed medication exactly as intended, at the correct time and in the correct dosage. Proper management of epilepsy is crucial to minimise the risks associated with seizures. Key Points to Remember Always take your prescribed medication as directed. Ensure you follow your treatment plan consistently. Monitor your condition and report any changes to your healthcare provider. Maintain regular check-ups with your healthcare team to manage your epilepsy effectively. By following these guidelines, you can help to manage your epilepsy and reduce the risk of SUDEP, ensuring a safer and healthier life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6747/SUDEP-01.jpg Yes 63 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/buccal-midazolam-information https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4584.mp4 Buccal Midazolam information Administration of Buccal Midazolam for Seizure Treatment Introduction In this video, our paramedic discusses the administration of buccal midazolam for the treatment of seizures. Please note that viewing this video does not qualify you to administer or manage this medication. For further training, please contact us. Understanding Buccal Midazolam Buccal midazolam is a highly effective drug commonly used in the care industry for individuals experiencing seizures. We will explore how it is delivered, the different forms and doses, and the administration process. Pre-Filled Syringes Pre-filled syringes are colour-coded and labelled with the appropriate age group: less than 18 years, less than 10 years, less than five years, and less than one year. The prescribed dosage is specific to each patient. Ensure the following checks before administration: Correct patient Correct dosage Correct date (drug must be in date) Seal integrity (must be intact) Administering Buccal Midazolam Follow these steps for administering buccal midazolam: Remove the top cap, breaking the seal. Ensure there is no needle attached. Lift the cheek away from the gum. Insert the syringe between the gum and cheek. Gently squeeze the drug into the buccal mucosa. Allow the drug to absorb through the mucous membranes. Document the administration, including the time and dosage, in the drug book. Liquid Form of Buccal Midazolam In some healthcare settings, buccal midazolam may be administered in liquid form. Follow these steps: Check the date stamp and concentration on the bottle. Compress and remove the safety lid. Insert the pipette into the bottle and draw the required dose. Ensure the correct amount is drawn by checking the mark on the syringe stem. Administer the drug as described above. Safety and Precautions Always double-check the drug details and ensure a second person confirms the information before administration. Never use medication with a broken seal, and remember that buccal midazolam should never be administered with a needle. Conclusion Buccal midazolam is an effective treatment for seizures when administered correctly. Ensure all safety checks are performed and document the process accurately. For further training and information, please contact us. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8259/Buccal_Midazolam_information-01.jpg Yes 364 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/seizure-classification https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4579.mp4 Seizure classification Understanding Epileptic Seizures: Partial Focal and Generalised Types of Epileptic Seizures As previously mentioned, epileptic seizures can be classified into two types: partial focal and generalised. Partial Focal Seizures In partial seizures, only one part of the brain is affected, but there are different types of partial seizures: Simple Partial Seizures Simple partial seizures may cause jerking motions or hallucinations, but the person usually remains aware of what is happening. Complex Partial Seizures Complex partial seizures can cause automatisms such as wandering, mumbling, smacking lips, or fumbling with clothes. The person may not be aware of these actions. Generalised Seizures Generalised seizures affect a larger area, or even all, of the brain, usually causing complete unconsciousness. There are more types of generalised seizures compared to partial focal seizures: Absence Seizures Absence seizures cause a brief loss of consciousness, sometimes accompanied by localised automatic movements. They can last from a few seconds to several hours. Myoclonic Seizures Myoclonic seizures usually affect the muscles, with the person remaining conscious. These seizures often occur in clusters and are common soon after waking up or as falling asleep. Atonic Seizures Atonic seizures result in a sudden loss of muscle tone, causing the person to fall to the ground and go limp. Recovery is usually quick, but head and facial injuries are common. Tonic Seizures Tonic seizures cause a sudden increase in muscle tone, making the person appear stiff. If standing, they will likely fall to the ground. Clonic Seizures Clonic seizures involve convulsing limbs, causing the person to fall heavily. Unlike other seizures, there is no initial muscle stiffening. Tonic-Clonic Seizures Tonic-Clonic seizures are a combination of tonic and clonic seizures. Initially, muscle tone increases dramatically (tonic phase), causing stiffness and a fall. This is followed by rhythmic convulsions of the limbs (clonic phase). This is the most iconic type of epileptic seizure, often occurring during sleep. Safety Precautions During clonic seizures, do not restrain the body or limbs as this can cause serious injury to both the person having the seizure and anyone attempting to restrain them. Conclusion Understanding the different types of epileptic seizures and their symptoms is crucial for providing appropriate care and support. Recognising the signs and knowing how to respond can help ensure the safety and wellbeing of those affected by epilepsy. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8251/Seizure_classification-01.jpg Yes 204 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/epilepsy-surgery https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4572.mp4 Epilepsy surgery Surgical Options for Epilepsy Treatment Factors Influencing Surgical Consideration Likelihood of Epilepsy: Assessing if seizures are epilepsy-related. Positive Outcome Probability: Evaluating the potential success of surgery. Seizure Type Identification: Ability to pinpoint the seizure type. Exhaustion of Alternative Methods: Ensuring all other treatments have been attempted. Surgical Procedures for Epilepsy Surgical interventions depend on seizure type and origin within the brain. Key Point: Options include tissue removal or interruption of nerve pathways. Considerations and Risks Some individuals may have surgery as a last resort due to contra-indications. Stroke Risk: Approximately 1 in 100 individuals undergoing surgery suffer a stroke. Memory Challenges: Around 5% may experience memory difficulties post-surgery. Future Prospects Advancements in surgical techniques offer hope for improved outcomes over time. Key Point: Continued progress may expand surgical options for more individuals. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8239/Epilepsy_surgery-01.jpg Yes 83 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/when-a-seizure-occurs https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4582.mp4 When a seizure occurs What to Do If Someone Has a Seizure Prioritise Your Safety First Priority: Ensure your own safety before helping the person having a seizure. Some seizures can cause the person to lash out, potentially injuring you or others. Make sure you are in a safe position before attempting to assist. Time the Seizure Important Action: Note the exact time the seizure started. This information is crucial for the person affected and the emergency medical services if they need to be called. Common Misconceptions Do Not: Place a spoon or any object in the person’s mouth. This can cause injury and does not prevent swallowing of the tongue, which is a myth. Avoid: Trying to restrain the person. Instead, loosely support their head to prevent injury. Maintaining Dignity Consider: The patient's dignity. Onlookers may record the incident on mobile phones. Ask them not to, or request they call emergency services if necessary. In some cases, the patient may lose bladder control. If possible, cover that area to maintain their dignity. When to Call Emergency Services Guidelines for Calling an Ambulance: The patient has not had a seizure before. The seizure continues for more than 5 minutes. The patient has repeated seizures or does not regain consciousness after the seizure. The patient is injured during the seizure. The patient requests an ambulance, is pregnant, or has other known medical conditions. Remember: It is always better to dial 999 or 112 if you are unsure. The operator is trained to guide you through the situation. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8257/When_a_seizure_occurs-01.jpg Yes 153 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/course-introduction-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4577.mp4 Course introduction Welcome to the ProTrainings Online Course Course Overview Welcome to this video online course from ProTrainings. This course covers the knowledge and theory of medications. However, you will need to be signed off as competent by someone in your workplace to dispense medications. Course Structure Throughout this course, you will watch a series of videos, answer knowledge review questions, and finally take a short completion test. You can start and stop the course as often as you wish and return to it exactly where you left off. You can also rewatch any of the videos at any time, both during and after the course. Accessibility The course can be viewed on any device, allowing you to start on your computer and finish on your smartphone or tablet. Each page of the course includes supporting text, and videos can be viewed with subtitles by clicking the CC icon. Additional help is available if you initially answer any questions incorrectly. Completion and Certification Once you pass the test, your completion certificate and other downloads will be available for you to print. The course offers many resources and links to support your training, accessible from the course homepage. We continuously update our courses, so check back regularly for new material. You have access to the course for eight months from the start date, even after passing the test. Company Solutions We offer free company dashboards. If you are responsible for staff training in your workplace and want more information on our company solutions, please contact us by email, phone, or through our online chat facility. Although this course is delivered online, we provide complete support throughout your training. Weekly Updates With all our online courses, you will receive a weekly email every Monday morning. These emails help keep your skills fresh, inform you of new videos added to the course, and include news from our blog. You can choose to receive these emails or opt out at any time. Conclusion We hope you enjoy your course and thank you for choosing ProTrainings. Good luck! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8261/Course_introduction-01.jpg Yes 114 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/how-is-epilepsy-diagnosed https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4575.mp4 How is epilepsy diagnosed Diagnosis and Assessment of Epilepsy Understanding Epilepsy Diagnosis Epilepsy is typically diagnosed based on the tendency to have recurrent seizures, making a diagnosis unlikely after a single seizure. Seeking Medical Attention Following a seizure, it's crucial to consult a GP promptly. If seizures recur, a clinical assessment is necessary. Comprehensive Clinical Assessment A clinical assessment involves taking the patient's history, conducting various tests, and neurological exams to identify seizure types and potential causes. Referral to Epilepsy Specialist If concerns arise during assessment, the patient may be referred to an epilepsy specialist for further evaluation and diagnosis. Rule Out Other Conditions Doctors must exclude other conditions that cause seizures, such as diabetes, heart disease, or migraines, through thorough examination and testing. Diagnostic Tests Key diagnostic tests include Electroencephalography (EEG) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans, which provide valuable insights into brain activity and structure. Effective Communication with Doctors When discussing seizures with a doctor, patients should provide detailed information about symptoms, seizure patterns, pre- and post-seizure experiences, and any relevant factors for accurate diagnosis. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8243/How_is_epilepsy_diagnosed-01.jpg Yes 82 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/the-importance-of-treating-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4580.mp4 The importance of treating Epilepsy Epilepsy Treatment and Impact Treatment with Anti-Epileptic Medication While there is currently no cure for epilepsy, effective treatment with the right type and dosage of anti-epileptic medication can significantly control seizures. Key Point: Research indicates that approximately 70% of individuals with epilepsy can achieve complete seizure control with appropriate medication. Consequences of Untreated Epilepsy If left untreated, epilepsy can lead to severe consequences, as discussed below: Life-Threatening Seizure Events Warning: Seizures can pose a risk of life-threatening events either during the seizure itself or through Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). Potential for Brain Damage Risk: Seizures have the potential to cause brain damage, resulting in significant implications for quality of life in the long term. Impact on Mental Health and Quality of Life Concerns: Untreated epilepsy may lead to various mental health and social challenges, including: Fall in IQ Depression and social problems Lower quality of life due to increased seizure risk Possible suicidal tendencies https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8253/The_importance_of_treating_Epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 60 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/what-are-seizures https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4581.mp4 What are seizures Understanding Seizures What are Seizures? A seizure occurs when there is an excessive and uncontrolled release of electrical activity in the brain. Seizures: Symptoms and Causes Seizures are not a disease but rather an event, often symptomatic of epilepsy but can also be triggered by other conditions. Varied Symptoms Contrary to common belief, seizures can manifest in various ways, not always involving rhythmic body jerking. They may also occur without loss of consciousness, affecting body movements, awareness, emotions, and senses. Brain Function and Seizure Presentation The brain governs various bodily functions, with different areas responsible for vision, speech, emotions, taste, and smell. The origin of a seizure within the brain influences its presentation. Carrying Identification Individuals with epilepsy are advised to carry identification to aid bystanders in providing appropriate assistance during a seizure. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8255/What_are_seizures-01.jpg Yes 68 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/initial-assessment-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/102.mp4 Initial Assessment and Recovery Position Managing an Unconscious Casualty: A First Aider’s Guide When you are called to help someone who is unconscious, your actions need to be calm, structured, and deliberate. As a first aider, your priorities are to call for help, keep yourself safe, assess the casualty, and protect their airway. Stop, Think, and Act Before approaching, pause and assess the scene. Look for hazards that could put you or the casualty at risk Remove dangers if it is safe to do so Be alert for traffic, electricity, violence, or environmental risks If possible, make sure someone is with you so they can call the emergency services if required. Initial Contact and Response Check Approach the casualty and introduce yourself: “Hello, my name’s Keith. I’m a first aider.” Gently tap the casualty on the collarbone and ask permission to help. If they are conscious, talk to them, find out what has happened, and encourage them to remain still while you assess the situation. If they are unconscious, you must immediately check whether they are breathing. Checking for Breathing To check breathing, you must first open the airway. Place one hand on the forehead and the other under the chin Gently tilt the head back and lift the chin to move the tongue away from the back of the throat Briefly look inside the mouth for any obvious obstruction and remove it only if it can be seen and easily removed With the airway open, look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds: Look for the chest rising and falling Listen for breathing sounds Feel for air on your cheek If the casualty is not breathing normally, you must start CPR immediately. If the Casualty Is Breathing Normally If the casualty is breathing, CPR is not required. However, you must still send someone to call an ambulance. Make sure they return and tell you when help is on the way. Your next priority is to maintain an open airway and prevent choking. Placing the Casualty in the Recovery Position The recovery position helps keep the airway open and allows fluids, such as vomit, to drain safely from the mouth. If gloves are available, put them on and carry out a quick head-to-toe check before moving the casualty: Check the head, shoulders, arms, and chest for deformity, bleeding, or fluid Check the hips and legs are in a normal position If no injuries are found, place the casualty into the recovery position: How to Put Someone into the Recovery Position Kneel beside the casualty Straighten both legs and bring the feet together Place the arm nearest to you out at a right angle to the body Take the far arm and bring it across the chest, holding the hand against the cheek nearest to you With your other hand, bend the far knee so the foot is flat on the floor Using the knee as a lever, gently roll the casualty towards you onto their side Once they are on their side: Check the airway is open Tilt the head slightly back if needed to maintain breathing Adjust the legs to help support the position Ongoing Care From this point, your role is to: Keep the casualty comfortable and warm Speak to them reassuringly, even if they remain unconscious Monitor breathing continuously If you are completely alone and have no phone, you may need to leave the casualty briefly to call emergency services. If you do: Check they are breathing before you leave Check again immediately when you return Important Guidance on Injuries and the Recovery Position Current guidance from the UK Resuscitation Council and the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) states: The recovery position is ideal for an unconscious casualty who is not injured If the casualty is injured, it is usually best to leave them on their back to avoid worsening injuries If the airway is compromised, or there is fluid in the mouth, the casualty may need to be placed in the recovery position despite injury If you must leave an injured casualty to get help, place them in the recovery position to protect their airway Key Points to Remember Stop, think, and ensure the scene is safe Check response and breathing early Start CPR if they are not breathing normally Use the recovery position to protect the airway when breathing is present Monitor continuously until emergency help arrives Calm, structured actions save lives. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/157/Initial_Assessment___Recovery_Position.jpg Yes 231 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/ketogenic-diets https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4576.mp4 Ketogenic diets Ketogenic Diet for Epilepsy Introduction to Ketogenic Diet A method of controlling epilepsy without anti-epileptic drugs. Historical Background: Developed in the early 20th century to treat hard-to-manage childhood epilepsy. Effectiveness and Usage Despite declining popularity, ketogenic diet remains viable. Key Point: Studies show it can significantly reduce or eliminate seizures if carefully followed. Success Rate: Works in about a third of children with epilepsy. Diet Composition: High fat and low carbohydrate content. Mechanism: Forces the body to burn fat instead of sugar, leading to beneficial brain changes. Considerations and Precautions Ketogenic diets are sometimes advocated for weight loss but require medical consultation. Key Point: Always consult a doctor before significant dietary changes. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8245/Ketogenic_diets-01.jpg Yes 80 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/seizures-and-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4583.mp4 Seizures and epilepsy Understanding Seizures and Epilepsy How Seizures Occur The brain communicates by passing electrical signals around the body via nerve cells. A seizure occurs when these electrical signals become disrupted, or too many signals are sent at once. Types of Seizures Tonic-Clonic Seizures Tonic-Clonic Seizures are characterised by rhythmic convulsions and are one of the many types of seizures associated with epilepsy. Focal Seizures In focal seizures, only one part of the brain is affected, so people experience their seizures differently. These can include simple partial and complex partial seizures. Seizure Threshold People with epilepsy often have a low seizure threshold, meaning they have a naturally low resistance to experiencing seizures. Auras in Epilepsy People with epilepsy may know they are about to have a seizure because they experience what is known as an aura. Not everyone with epilepsy experiences auras, and they vary between individuals. Examples of auras include: Feeling anxious or tearful Feeling like you are in a dream Visual disturbances Hallucinations Deja vu Strange sensations in the body Automatisms in Seizures Automatisms are non-purposeful, stereotypical, and repetitive behaviours that commonly accompany complex partial or focal seizures. Patients typically do not remember their automatisms, and the behaviour is usually inappropriate for the situation. Examples include: Verbal Automatisms These range from simple vocalisations, such as moaning, to more complex, comprehensible, stereotyped speech. Non-Verbal Automatisms These include behaviours such as lip-smacking, chewing, gulping, random limb movements, and head rolling. Conclusion Understanding the various types of seizures, the concept of seizure thresholds, auras, and automatisms is crucial for providing better care and support for individuals with epilepsy. Recognising the signs and knowing how to respond can significantly impact their wellbeing. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8263/Seizures_and_epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 107 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/other-types-of-seizure https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4578.mp4 Other types of seizure Types of Epilepsy and Seizures Nocturnal Seizures Any form of epilepsy may occur during sleep, but some types are more likely to be restricted exclusively to sleep. These are sometimes called Nocturnal Seizures. Studies have shown that 10-45% of people with epilepsy experience seizures predominantly or exclusively during sleep or with sleep deprivation. Febrile Convulsions Febrile convulsions are another form of brain disturbance somewhat related to epilepsy. They are generally seen in young children with a high temperature. Temporal Lobe Seizures Temporal lobe seizures affect the sections of the brain found above each ear. The temporal lobe processes emotions, short-term memory, and the fight-or-flight reaction. People with temporal lobe seizures often experience altered mental and emotional states rather than physical symptoms. The main symptom is a brief loss of consciousness, and the patient may appear drowsy, violent, or intoxicated during the seizure. Status Epilepticus Status epilepticus is a state of recurring seizures where consciousness does not return between events, which can be extremely serious. This condition is rare but can cause brain damage or death if not treated. A seizure lasting for half an hour or more indicates status epilepticus. It is essential for bystanders to time the seizure duration and call emergency medical services immediately. Status epilepticus is more common in people with tonic-clonic seizures but can occur with any type of seizure. Emergency medications such as buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam are often prescribed for individuals prone to status epilepticus. Conclusion Understanding the various types of epilepsy and seizures, including their symptoms and treatments, is crucial for providing appropriate care and support. Recognising the signs and knowing how to respond in emergencies can significantly impact the wellbeing of those affected by epilepsy. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8249/Nocturnal_Seizures-01.jpg Yes 128 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/stimulation-treatments https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4571.mp4 Stimulation treatments Nerve Stimulation Therapies for Epilepsy Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Therapy DBS therapy aims to control excessive brain activity, reducing seizure frequency and severity. Key Point: DBS should complement, not replace, anti-epileptic drugs. The effects may not be immediate and could take years to become noticeable. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) VNS acts as a brain pacemaker, targeting the Vagus Nerves to modulate brain signals. Key Point: It can help manage seizure frequency and severity. The stimulation level can be adjusted by the individual, potentially aiding in seizure prevention. Continual Advancements in Stimulation Treatments Ongoing research into stimulation therapies is uncovering more about their effectiveness. Key Point: As research progresses, new insights into treatment efficacy emerge. These advancements offer hope for improved seizure management and quality of life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8233/Stimulation_treatments-01.jpg Yes 100 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/medication-and-epilepsy https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4570.mp4 Medication and Epilepsy Anti-Epileptic Drugs: Effectiveness and Usage Understanding Anti-Epileptic Drugs Anti-epileptic drugs are vital in preventing seizures and are highly effective when used correctly. Key Point: While these drugs can control seizures, they do not offer a cure for epilepsy. Diversity in Drug Options There is a wide range of anti-epileptic drugs, each serving a specific function to combat different types of seizures. Common Drug Names: Tegretol, Clobazam, Midazolam, and Diazepam are among the frequently used medications. Many of these drugs have additional applications beyond epilepsy treatment, contributing to various treatment paths for different conditions. Importance of Individualised Treatment Identifying the right medication for an individual is crucial, as effectiveness varies from person to person. Key Point: There is no universally superior medication; what works for one person may not work for another. Consistent Usage for Long-Term Effectiveness To maintain effectiveness, it is essential to adhere to a consistent medication regimen, following prescribed dosages and timings meticulously. The success of treatment relies on continuous use of the medication as outlined in the specific treatment plan. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8235/Medication_and_Epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 86 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/types-of-seizure https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4569.mp4 Types of seizure Understanding Seizures: Non-Epileptic and Epileptic Types Types of Non-Epileptic Seizures Non-epileptic seizures are divided into two types: organic and psychogenic seizures. Organic Seizures Organic seizures are caused by physical factors such as trauma or medical conditions. Psychogenic Seizures Psychogenic seizures are triggered by thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Types of Epileptic Seizures Epileptic seizures can be classified into two main groups: Partial (Focal) Seizures and Generalised Seizures. Partial (Focal) Seizures Focal seizures involve pinpointed electrical activity in a specific area of the brain, affecting certain characteristics. Generalised Seizures Generalised seizures result from widespread disruption of electrical activity in the brain, causing a broader range of symptoms. Sub-Categories of Epileptic Seizures Within the categories of epileptic seizures, there are several sub-categories, each characterised by distinct signs and symptoms. Examples of Epileptic Syndromes and Disorders Some examples of epileptic syndromes and disorders include: Angelman Syndrome Epilepsy with Myoclonic Absences Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Hypothalamic Hamartoma Temporal Lobe Epilepsy This is not an exhaustive list, and there are other forms of epilepsy yet to be discovered. Conclusion Understanding the different types of non-epileptic and epileptic seizures, along with their causes and associated syndromes, is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. Recognising the various characteristics and symptoms can aid in providing better support and care for those affected by seizures. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8237/Types_of_seizure-01.jpg Yes 83 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/epilepsy-facts-and-figures https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4573.mp4 Epilepsy facts and figures Understanding Epilepsy in the UK Prevalence of Epilepsy Over 500,000 people in the UK have a type of epilepsy, which equates to around 1 in every 100 people. Additionally, approximately 1 in 20 people will experience a seizure at some point in their lives. Epilepsy as a Physical Condition Epilepsy is a physical condition. People with epilepsy have the same mental abilities and intelligence as those without the condition. Epilepsy can affect anyone at any age, often without warning or apparent cause. It is also important to note that epilepsy can go into remission and cease to present symptoms. Age of Onset About 30% of new epilepsy cases each year begin in childhood, particularly around the onset of puberty. Another period of relatively high incidence is in people over the age of 70. Conclusion Epilepsy affects a significant portion of the population in the UK, with varying onset periods and the potential for remission. Understanding these aspects can help in better supporting those living with epilepsy and increasing awareness about the condition. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8241/Epilepsy_facts_and_figures-01.jpg Yes 52 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/course-summary- https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4803.mp4 Course Summary Completing Your Course and Taking the Test with ProTrainings Congratulations on completing your course! Before taking the test, review the student resources section and refresh your skills. Student Resources Section Free student manual: Download your manual and other resources. Additional links: Find helpful websites to support your training. Eight-month access: Revisit the course and view any new videos added. Preparing for the Course Test Before starting the test, you can: Review the videos Read through documents and links in the student resources section Course Test Guidelines No time limit: Take the test at your own pace, but complete it in one sitting. Question format: Choose from four answers or true/false questions. Adaptive testing: Unique questions for each student, with required section passes. Retake option: Review materials and retake the test if needed. After Passing the Test Once you pass the test, you can: Print your completion certificate Print your Certified CPD statement Print the evidence-based learning statement Additional ProTrainings Courses ProTrainings offers: Over 350 courses at regional training centres or your workplace Remote virtual courses with live instructors Over 300 video online and blended courses Contact us at 01206 805359 or email support@protrainings.uk for assistance or group training solutions. Thank you for choosing ProTrainings and good luck with your test! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8553/Course_Summary-01.jpg Yes 127 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/epilepsy-at-different-ages https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4574.mp4 Epilepsy at different ages Epilepsy: Prevalence in the Elderly and Impact on Children Epilepsy in the Elderly Epilepsy is often more common amongst the elderly and can frequently go unrecognised or be misdiagnosed. Its prevalence increases in older adults primarily due to conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, strokes, brain tumours, and an increased risk of falls leading to head trauma. Impact on Children and Families When epilepsy affects younger children, it significantly impacts not only the child but also their parents and siblings. Balancing normal development with the special concerns of epilepsy can be challenging. A valuable resource for further information is The Epilepsy Foundation website. It provides informational materials and a Freephone telephone number where teenagers can ask questions and receive straightforward answers. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8247/Epilepsy_at_different_ages-01.jpg Yes 54 https://www.proepilepsy.co.uk/training/video/epilepsy-treatment https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2428.mp4 Epilepsy treatment Epilepsy and Seizure First Aid Understanding Epilepsy Epilepsy is a condition characterised by a propensity for recurrent, unprovoked convulsions, commonly referred to as seizures. Treatment approaches are generally consistent across most types of epilepsy. Dealing with Seizures Witnessing a seizure can be distressing, but as a first aider, your assistance is crucial. Follow these important steps: Protect: Safeguard the individual from harm by clearing the vicinity of dangerous objects. Cushion: Provide head support to prevent head injury. Time: Take note of the seizure's start and end times. Identification: Check for epilepsy identity cards or jewellery. Recovery Position: After the seizure, gently place them in the recovery position to aid breathing. Reassure: Offer calm reassurance throughout the process. Stay: Remain with the person until they fully recover. No Restraint: Avoid restraining or moving the person. Avoid Mouth Contact: Do not insert anything into the person's mouth. Minimize Movement: Only move them if there's imminent danger. No Food or Drink: Refrain from giving them food or drink until they are fully recovered. Avoid Waking: Do not attempt to rouse them. Monitoring and When to Call an Ambulance For all epilepsy types, continue monitoring the patient's breathing and pulse. Call for an ambulance under the following circumstances: First Seizure: It's their initial seizure. Long Duration: The seizure lasts longer than five minutes. Consecutive Seizures: Tonic-clonic seizures occur successively without consciousness recovery. Injury: The person sustains an injury during the seizure. Perceived Urgency: You believe immediate medical attention is necessary. In the rare event that the person stops breathing, activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and initiate CPR. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/4625/Epilepsy_treatment-01.jpg Yes 158